Figure 9.

Influence of the settings on particle swarm optimization. Besides the standard star topology, a grid 3 and a linear 3 topology is tested on the three reversible models with ϕ₁ = ϕ₂ = 2.05. Furthermore, the alternative setting ϕ₁ = 2.8 and ϕ₂ = 1.3 is applied to the star topology. The grid topology performs best according to the median for the GMAKr and the CKMMr models, but is slightly worse than the linear topology on the GMMr model. All experiments are repeated 20 times.