Table 9 |
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|
Pancreatic cancer; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates |
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|
ST use |
RR/OR |
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|
|
|
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|
Sourcea |
Typeb |
Exposurec |
Smoking |
Sex |
Id. |
Casesd |
Estimate (95%CI)e |
Adjustment factorsf |
|
|
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|
Cohort studies |
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|
Lutheran Brotherhood: Zheng et al. 1993 [13] |
ST |
Ever |
Any |
M |
1 |
16 |
1.70 (0.90–3.10) |
age, alc, smok |
|
US Veterans: Winn et al. 1982 [19] |
ST |
Ever |
Never |
Mg |
2 |
NA |
1.65 (NA) |
age |
|
Norway cohorts: Boffetta et al. 2005 [26] |
Snuff |
Current |
Any |
M |
3 |
27 |
1.60 (1.00–2.55) |
age, smok |
|
Former |
4 |
18 |
1.80 (1.04–3.09) |
|||||
|
Ever |
5 |
45 |
1.67 (1.12–2.50) |
|||||
|
Ever |
Never |
6 |
3 |
0.85 (0.24–3.07) |
age |
|||
|
Swedish construction workers: Luo et al. 2007 [32] |
Snuff |
Ever |
Any |
M |
7 |
NA |
0.90 (0.70–1.20) |
age, bmi, smok |
|
Current |
Never |
8 |
18 |
2.10 (1.20–3.60) |
age, bmi |
|||
|
Former |
9 |
2 |
1.40 (0.40–5.90) |
|||||
|
Ever |
10 |
20 |
2.00 (1.20–3.30) |
|||||
|
Case-control studies |
||||||||
|
Williams and Horm 1977[55] |
ST |
Ever |
Any |
M |
11 |
3 |
0.29 (0.09–0.92)h |
age, race, smok |
|
Falk et al. 1988 [75] |
Chew |
Use |
Any |
M+F |
12 |
NA |
no association |
none |
|
Snuff |
13 |
NA |
no association |
|||||
|
Farrow and Davis 1990 [82] |
Chew |
Ever |
Any |
M |
14 |
NA |
0.80 (NA) |
edu, race |
|
Ghadirian et al. 1991[84] |
Chew |
Use |
Any |
M+F |
15 |
NA |
no association |
none |
|
Muscat et al. 1997 [101] |
Chew |
Ever |
Neveri |
M |
16 |
6 |
2.82 (0.85–9.39)j |
none |
|
Snuff |
Any |
17 |
2 |
1.32 (0.22–7.93) |
||||
|
Alguacil and Silverman 2004 [111] |
ST |
Ever |
Neverk |
M+F |
18 |
5 |
1.10 (0.40–3.10) |
age, race, res, sex, smokk |
|
Hassan et al. 2007 [114] |
Chew |
Ever |
Any |
M+F |
19 |
34 |
0.70 (0.40–1.10) |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok |
|
Never |
20 |
10 |
0.60 (0.30–1.40) |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex |
||||
|
Snuff |
Ever |
Any |
21 |
18 |
0.60 (0.30–1.10) |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok |
||
|
Never |
22 |
4 |
0.50 (0.10–1.50) |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex |
||||
|
ST |
Ever |
Any |
23 |
52 |
0.65 (0.43–0.97)l |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok |
||
|
Never |
24 |
14 |
0.57 (0.29–1.11)l |
age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex |
||||
|
|
||||||||
|
a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use. d 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number used in Table 10, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available. e NA = not available. f Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol consumption, bmi = body mass index, diab = diabetes, edu = education, mar = marital status, res = area of residence, smok = smoking. g The population included < 0.5% females. h RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source. i Includes long-term (10+ years) quitters. j Personal communication from Dr Muscat. The estimate given in the source of 3.60 (1.00–12.80) is for noncurrent smokers. k Estimates are for never cigarette smokers with adjustment for other tobacco use. l RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source assuming that no one both chewed and used snuff. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk. |
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|
Lee and Hamling BMC Medicine 2009 7:36 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-36 |
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