Table 31

Summary of meta-analyses for smokeless tobacco use in the USA

Overall data

Smoking-adjusted data

Never smokers

Cancer

n

RR/OR (95% CI)

n

RR/OR (95% CI)

n

RR/OR (95% CI)

Oropharyngeal (Table 4)

31

2.16 (1.55–3.02)

12

1.65 (1.22–2.25)

5

3.33 (1.76–6.32)

Oesophageal (Table 6)

6

1.56 (1.11–2.19)

3

1.89 (0.84–4.25)

3

1.89 (0.84–4.25)

Stomach (Table 8)

4

1.41 (0.95–2.10)

3

1.41 (0.93–2.12)

2

1.96 (0.82–4.70)

Pancreatic (Table 10)

5

0.86 (0.47–1.57)

5

0.99 (0.51–1.91)

3

1.09 (0.44–2.67)

Any digestive (Table 12)

5

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

5

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

4

1.14 (0.99–1.33)

Larynx (Table 14)

4

1.56 (1.21–2.00)

1

2.01 (1.15–3.51)

0

--

Lung (Table 16)

6

1.22 (0.82–1.83)

4

1.38 (0.72–2.64)

3

1.79 (0.91–3.51)

Prostate (Table 18)

5

1.23 (1.03–1.40)

4

1.29 (1.07–1.55)

3

1.81 (0.76–4.30)

Bladder (Table 20)

9

1.11 (0.85–1.45)

6

1.24 (0.83–1.85)

5

1.25 (0.69–2.26)

Kidney (Table 22)

8

1.52 (0.94–2.46)

3

1.41 (0.64–3.10)

1

4.80 (1.18–19.56)

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Table 24)

3

1.45 (0.81–2.59)

2

2.07 (0.70–6.13)

2

2.07 (0.70–6.13)

Overall cancer (Table 27)

5

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

5

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

4

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

n = number of estimates included in meta-analyses.

RR/OR = combined random-effects estimate based on RRs or ORs.

CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.

Lee and Hamling BMC Medicine 2009 7:36   doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-36