Table 2

Divergence times for the major groups of arthropods. Divergence times from least squares (LS) methods are means (<30 proteins) or modes of time estimates from individual proteins. Summary times are averages across methods for comparisons that maximize the calibrations and proteins used, indicated in bold. Abbreviations: CD= Chilopoda-Diplopoda calibration (423 Ma); DA= Deuterostomia-Arthropoda calibration (993 Ma); N/A = not applicable; XA= Xiphosura-Arachnida calibration (480 Ma).


Number of proteins
 Divergence time (Ma) and standard error (if available)
Node
 Calibration point
 Total
 Rate constant
 MGGLS
 MGLLS
 SGGLS
 SGLLS
 SGLDT
 SGLMDT
 SGLPL
 Summary
Chilopoda-Diplopoda
 DA
 5
 5
 433 ± 39
 464 ± 68
 433 ± 39
 468 ± 68
 389 ± 59
 451 ± 45
 381
 442 ± 50

XA
 5
 4
 398 ± 79
 N/A
 357 ± 79
 N/A
 499 ± 57
 474 ± 40
 537

XA & DA
 5
 4
 398 ± 38
 425 ± 79
 376 ± 38
 384 ± 79
 469 ± 44
 469 ± 36
 439

XA &/or DA
 5
 5
 430 ± 43
 457 ± 69
 404 ± 39
 426 ± 73
 469 ± 44
 469 ± 36
 439
Xiphosura-Arachnida
 DA
 5
 4
 521 ± 71
 534 ± 44
 511 ± 71
 526 ± 44
 372 ± 58
 448 ± 40
 373
 475 ± 53

CD
 5
 4
 563 ± 92
 N/A
 568 ± 92
 N/A
 403 ± 48
 418 ± 36
 467

CD & DA
 5
 4
 526 ± 73
 534 ± 48
 519 ± 73
 532 ± 48
 394 ± 41
 432 ± 35
 394
Branchiopoda-Malacostraca
 DA
 9
 3
 625 ± 8
 551 ± 19
 640 ± 8
 591 ± 19
 670 ± 58
 631 ± 37
 655
 614 ± 23

XA
 5
 0
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 680 ± 87
 643 ± 56
 806

XA & DA
 5
 0
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 594 ± 50
 638 ± 33
 595

XA &/or DA
 5
 3
 625 ± 8
 551 ± 19
 640 ± 8
 591 ± 19
 632 ± 54
 638 ± 33
 625

CD
 5
 0
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 581 ± 75
 561 ± 51
 717

XA & D
 5
 0
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 635 ± 74
 608 ± 47
 729

CD & DA
 5
 0
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 554 ± 51
 616 ± 34
 563
Insecta-Crustacea
 DA
 47
 36
 765 ± 74
 700 ± 72
 669 ± 34
 643 ± 33
 616 ± 53
 788 ± 22
 577
 666 ± 58

XA
 5
 4
 619 ± 132
 N/A
 534 ± 132
 N/A
 744 ± 89
 802 ± 69
 875

XA & DA
 5
 4
 617 ± 92
 646 ± 99
 562 ± 92
 576 ± 99
 647 ± 46
 763 ± 17
 645

XA &/or DA
 47
 36
 741 ± 87
 698 ± 70
 615 ± 63
 609 ± 66
 631 ± 49
 763 ± 17
 611

CD
 5
 5
 650 ± 98
 N/A
 568 ± 98
 N/A
 637 ± 77
 687 ± 56
 779

XA & D
 5
 4
 612 ± 95
 N/A
 573 ± 93
 N/A
 695 ± 75
 737 ± 48
 729

CD & DA
 5
 5
 641 ± 69
 665 ± 70
 578 ± 69
 593 ± 70
 605 ± 48
 758 ± 18
 611
Myriapoda-Chelicerata
 DA
 6
 4
 594 ± 51
 664 ± 84
 630 ± 51
 716 ± 84
 630 ± 62
 664 ± 32
 589
 642 ± 63

XA
 5
 2
 674 ± 110
 N/A
 605 ± 110
 N/A
 751 ± 67
 728 ± 49
 847

XA & DA
 5
 2
 582 ± 57
 668 ± 166
 576 ± 57
 594 ± 166
 675 ± 32
 689 ± 26
 669

XA &/or DA
 6
 4
 602 ± 51
 664 ± 80
 603 ± 54
 655 ± 125
 652 ± 47
 689 ± 26
 629

CD
 5
 3
 560 ± 18
 N/A
 544 ± 18
 N/A
 640 ± 56
 647 ± 40
 757

XA & D
 5
 2
 594 ± 29
 N/A
 638 ± 29
 N/A
 700 ± 47
 687 ± 34
 772

CD & DA
 5
 3
 608 ± 49
 668 ± 83
 558 ± 49
 576 ± 83
 618 ± 34
 642 ± 25
 621
(Myriapoda-Chelicerata)-Pancrustacea
 DA
 24
 22
 747 ± 40
 731 ± 41
 717 ± 40
 692 ± 41
 690 ± 61
 727 ± 20
 602
 725 ± 46

XA
 5
 4
 783 ± 139
 N/A
 703 ± 139
 N/A
 892 ± 97
 812 ± 59
 1051

XA & DA
 5
 4
 784 ± 65
 826 ± 111
 740 ± 65
 758 ± 111
 768 ± 35
 738 ± 19
 764

XA &/or DA
 24
 22
 745 ± 41
 729 ± 41
 728 ± 52
 725 ± 76
 729 ± 48
 738 ± 19
 683

CD
 5
 5
 791 ± 79
 N/A
 727 ± 79
 N/A
 767 ± 82
 734 ± 56
 940

XA & D
 5
 4
 747 ± 86
 N/A
 754 ± 86
 N/A
 836 ± 77
 769 ± 51
 956

CD & DA
 5
 5
 784 ± 42
 815 ± 66
 761 ± 42
 780 ± 66
 727 ± 38
 721 ± 19
 728

Pisani et al. BMC Biology 2004 2:1   doi:10.1186/1741-7007-2-1