Table 2

Individual compositional and community contextual factors associated with sexual behaviour among Nigerian women identified by multivariable multilevel logistic regression


Empty model
Model with individual variables
Model with individual and community variables



Model 1
Model 2
Model 3



OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)

Individual variables



Age groups



     15 – 24

reference
reference
     25 – 34

0.57 (0.43, 0.77)***
0.59 (0.44, 0.79)***
     > 35

0.35 (0.24, 0.53)***
0.36 (0.24, 0.54)***
Level of education



     No school

reference
reference
     Primary

0.97 (0.64, 1.48)
0.88 (0.57, 1.36)
     Secondary/higher

1.63 (1.06, 2.50)*
1.53 (0.99, 2.38)
Wealth index



     Low

1.83 (1.14, 2.94)*
1.95 (1.08, 3.50)*
     Middle

1.51 (1.07, 2.12)*
1.69 (1.14, 2.51)**
     High

reference
reference
Past alcohol use (days)



     No

reference
reference
     1

2.61 (1.35, 5.06)**
2.70 (1.41, 5.17)**
     2

4.69 (2.27, 9.69)***
4.42 (2.14, 9.13)***
     3+

3.83 (2.49, 5.89)***
3.47 (2.25, 5.34)***
Marital status



     Never married

reference
reference
     Currently married

0.05 (0.01, 0.09)***
0.05 (0.01, 0.09)***
     Formerly married

0.16 (0.10, 0.23)***
0.15 (0.10, 0.23)***
Religion



     Christian

reference
reference
     Muslim

0.58 (0.41, 0.83)**
0.72 (0.49, 1.07)
     Others

0.54 (0.19, 1.51)
0.52 (0.19, 1.46)
Community covariates



Community economic status



     Low


0.90 (0.53, 0.97)*
     Middle


0.73 (0.48, 0.87)**
     High


reference
Place of residence



     Rural


1.01 (0.71, 1.44)
     Urban


reference
Region



     North central


reference
     North East


1.08 (0.63, 1.83)
     North west


0.44 (0.24, 0.81)*
     South East


0.71 (0.44, 1.17)
     South south


1.56 (0.97, 2.51)
     South west


0.76 (0.47, 1.24)
Intercept
0.10 (0.09, 0.12)***
2.12 (1.22, 3.71)**
2.40 (1.11, 5.17)*
Random effects



Community random variance (SE)
1.51 (0.20)***
0.51 (0.14)***
0.39 (0.13)**
Variance partition coefficient (%)
31.4
13.4
10.5
Explained variance (%)
reference
66.3
74.3
Model fit statistics



     DIC
4366
2050
2044

Abbreviations: OR – Odds ratio, CI – Confidence interval, SE – Standard error, DIC – Deviance information criterion

*p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001

Uthman and Kongnyuy BMC International Health and Human Rights 2008 8:9   doi:10.1186/1472-698X-8-9