Skip to main content

Swiss residents' arguments for and against a career in medicine

Abstract

Background

In some Western countries, the medical profession is continuously losing prestige, doctors are claiming of high demands, low rewards, and difficult structural working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the arguments given by Swiss residents for and against a career in medicine.

Methods

As part of a prospective cohort study of Swiss medical school graduates on career development, 567 fourth-year residents were asked to answer the free-response item of what arguments there still were in favour of or against a career in medicine. They also indicated whether they would choose the medical profession all over again (yes/no). The statements were transcribed, content categories inductively formulated, and their descriptions written down in a code manual. Arguments were encoded according to the code manual and assigned to eight content categories (Mayring's content analysis). Frequency distributions were given for categories and tested with Chi2-tests for differences in gender, speciality fields, and whether or not the respondent would again choose a career in medicine.

Results

The 567 participants made 1,640 statements in favour of and 1,703 statements against a career in medicine. The content analysis of the residents' answers yielded eight categories with arguments both for and against a career in medicine. Of all "statements for" responses, 70% fell into the two top-ranking categories of Personal experiences in day-to-day working life (41.2%) and Interpersonal experiences in professional relationships (28.8%). The top-ranking category of the "statements against" arguments was General work-related structural conditions (32%), followed by Social prestige and health-policy aspects (21%). Main arguments in favour of a career in medicine were interdisciplinary challenge, combination of basic sciences and interpersonal concerns, helping suffering people, guarantee of a secure job; arguments against comprised high workload, time pressure, emotional stress, poorly structured continuing education, increasing bureaucracy, work-life imbalance, low income, and decreasing social prestige. The statements revealed few differences depending on gender, medical field, and attitude towards choosing the medical profession again; one out of five young doctors would not do so.

Conclusion

Residents' chief complaint is deteriorating structural working conditions, including unfavourable work-life balance. Making medicine an attractive profession again will require sustainable changes in health-policy framework and social reward.

Background

As reported in several articles, physicians are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with many aspects of their professional life [1–6]. What reasons can be identified for the doctors' discontent and the considerable number of young physicians leaving the medical profession?

Changing role of doctors in a changing society

Although physicians are spending more time with patients than in earlier periods, increased public and patient expectations towards the medical system and administrative and regulatory controls contribute to perceptions of increased time pressures and erosion of autonomy. As is known, these conditions lead to job strain [7].

Work-life balance

Lifestyle and career orientation have changed in the younger generation, and this applies to doctors as well. Both male and female doctors are looking for a better balance between work and personal life. Not as many are willing to prioritize their professional career at the expense of their personal life [7–9].

Residency programmes

Several studies report on the residents' dissatisfaction with their postgraduate training, both clinical and scientific [10, 11]. Half of these residents complained of unstructured residency programmes – especially in surgical fields -leading to an extension of the time needed for qualifying in their speciality. Furthermore, a sizable number of doctors intending to specialize in surgery change their minds because of insufficient training and unfavourable workplace conditions.

Income

One major reason for young physicians leaving medicine is the drop in income over the past decade [12]. Compared to other academics, return on educational investment over a working lifetime is fairly low [13]. Instead of embracing curative medicine and facing unattractive working conditions, they choose a career in health management, pharmaceutical companies, or medical informatics.

Job satisfaction

Health care systems have a great impact on the working conditions and the doctors' job satisfaction [1, 14–17]. State-administered health care systems seem to provide work environments which contribute to reasonably high job satisfaction as long as the professional autonomy is not eroded [15, 17]. In competition-based settings, the job satisfaction declined in the last decades, mainly caused by financial incentives that strain doctors' professional principles, loss of control over their clinical decisions, and consuming administrative work.

Career outside medicine

Some of the mentioned reasons might contribute that a considerable number of doctors prefer to pursue a career outside medicine. Nine years after graduating from medical school, 5% of the BMA cohort doctors had chosen a career outside curative medicine or had already left medicine [3]. In Germany, about one quarter of medical school graduates do not enter the medical profession [18]. Unfortunately, there are no such statistics for Switzerland.

As part of quantitatively assessed data of a prospective Swiss residents' career- development and life-satisfaction study [19, 20] participants were asked (1) what arguments there still were in favour of or against a career in medicine, and (2) whether or not they would again choose to become doctors.

Methods

Study design

The present study is part of an ongoing prospective survey of a cohort of graduates of the three medical schools in German-speaking Switzerland, beginning in 2001 (T1). Of the 1,004 registered final-year students, 719 (72%) participated in the first assessment (T1) [19]. Subjects were re-evaluated after two years in 2003 (T2) [20, 21]. The present paper refers to results of the third assessment (T3), conducted in the fourth year of residency (in 2005). The postal questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice and free-response items. The free-response items were embedded in the multiple-choice questions addressing the issues of what arguments still speak in favour of or against a career in medicine. A total of 577 subjects (306 females, 53%; 271 males, 47%) participated in the third assessment (T3).

The study was approved by the research and ethical committee of the Zurich University. The deans of the involved three medical faculties Basel, Bern and Zurich supported the survey by a letter of recommendation which was enclosed to the first inquiry. As the survey addressed healthy people on a voluntarily and anonymous basis without a planned intervention no further special ethical considerations had to be followed. To ensure participants' anonymity, the returned questionnaires were only identified by a code. The respondents sent their addresses to an independent address-administration office, allowing for follow-up.

Instruments

The free-response items of the questionnaire read as follows: "In your opinion, what arguments are there still in favour of or against a career in medicine? ("Welche Argumente sprechen Ihrer Meinung nach heute noch für bzw. gegen den Arztberuf?") Please mention three arguments for and three against."

In addition, participants answered the question of whether or not they would again choose to go into medicine ("yes" or "no") ("Würden Sie sich heute nochmals für den Arztberuf entscheiden?").

Sample

Not all of the (n = 577) participants of the third assessment (T3) were included in the qualitative analysis. Ten of the respondents did not answer this question. The study sample therefore consisted of 567 residents (n = 303 females, 53.4%; n = 264 males, 46.6%). The mean age was 31.3 years (SD 2.4 y, range 27–46 y).

Clinical fields and distribution of the residents

Residents were grouped according to the speciality qualification they aspired to. "Internal Medicine fields" comprised all sub-specialities of Internal Medicine and fields related to Internal Medicine, as well as Primary Care; Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Urology, Orthopaedics, Ophthalmology and ENT were categorized as "Surgical fields"; "High-technology medicine" comprised Anaesthesiology, Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care, Nuclear Medicine, and Radiology. Further speciality groups were identified: "Paediatrics", "Psychiatry", "Other Specialities" such as Preventive Medicine, Pathology, and "Speciality not yet decided". Distribution of the aspired-to specialities of the 567 residents (100%) was as follows: Internal Medicine, n = 197 (34.7%), Surgical fields, n = 106 (18.7%), High-technology medicine, n = 51 (9.0%), Paediatrics, n = 48 (8.5%), Psychiatry, n = 27 (4.8%), Other specialities, n = 53 (9.3%), and Not yet decided, n = 85 (15.0%).

Content and statistical analysis

The qualitatively assessed data (reasons for and against entering the medical profession) were evaluated according to Mayring's content analysis [22] by a researcher not involved in the quantitative data analysis, as follows: First, the respondents' handwritten answers (headwords or whole sentences) were transcribed into an Excel file. In a second step, content categories were inductively formulated, and their descriptions written down in a code manual (definition, examples, and rules for coding). In a further step, the passages of text were encoded according to the code manual and assigned to the content categories. Frequency distributions were given for categories and tested with Chi2-tests for differences in gender, speciality fields, and whether or not the respondent would again choose a career in medicine. Inter-rater reliability: A random sample of 20% of the analyzed statements was submitted to two additional raters (staff from the department experienced in qualitative analyses). The index of concordance (ratio of identically rated answers to all rated answers) was 0.79 and Cohen's Kappa 0.76.

Results

Categories of statements for and against a career in medicine

The 567 residents gave a total of 3,343 responses (5.90 per subject on average) in terms of both "statements for" and "statements against" a career in medicine. Of these, there were 1,640 "statements for" (mean 2.89, range 1 – 6) and 1,703 "statements against" (mean 3.00, range 1 – 6). I.e. some of the subjects gave more than three arguments, some less in terms of "statements for" and "statements against" a career in medicine respectively. The content analysis of the residents' answers resulted in eight categories with arguments both for and against a career in medicine. (The following order of the categories follows the ranking of the frequency distribution of the arguments given in favour of a career in medicine.)

  • Personal experiences in day-to-day working life

  • Interpersonal experiences in professional relationships

  • General work-related structural conditions

  • Further training and speciality qualification conditions

  • Enjoyment/Meaning

  • Social prestige and health-policy aspects

  • Income

  • Leisure/Private life

Non-distinctive statements such as "curiosity", "science", "the human being", "challenge" were assigned as not codable.

Ranking and frequency distribution of statements for and against a career in medicine by gender

Table 1 shows the allocation of the responses to the eight categories differentiated according to "statements for" and "statements against" content by gender, and ranked by frequency of the "statements for" arguments.

Table 1 Frequency distribution of "statements for" (n = 1,640 responses) and "statements against" (n = 1,703 responses) a career in medicine given by 264 male and 303 female residents, ranked by "statements for a career in medicine"

Of all "statements for" responses of both men and women, 70% fell into the categories of Personal experiences in day-to-day working life (41.2%) and Interpersonal experiences in professional relationships (28.8%), which occupied first and second place in the ranking for both genders. The top-ranking "statements against" responses were in the category General work-related structural conditions (32%), followed by Social prestige and health-policy aspects (21%). The frequency distributions of the eight categories and the "statements for" or "statements against" differ greatly according to their respective content.

The ranking of the arguments for a career in medicine categories was the same for male and female residents, while there were some differences in ranking between men and women in the arguments against categories: males rank negative arguments concerning Income in third place and Leisure towards the bottom, while females rank Personal experiences in day-to-day working life in third place and Leisure/Private life in fourth place.

Gender differences

Male participants gave significantly more "statements for" and "statements against" answers for the Social prestige and health-policy category than female residents, and also made significantly more critical statements vis-à-vis Income. Women named significantly more "statements against" answers for Leisure/Private life and Personal experiences in day-to-day working life.

Table 2 gives examples of residents' responses – both "statements for" and "statements against" a career in medicine – for each category (see also Additional file 1). The arguments for and against can be summarized as follows:

Table 2 Examples of residents' responses concerning "statements for" and "statements against" a career in medicine (see also Additional file 1)

Main statements in favour of a career in medicine

The medical profession ...

  • is an interdisciplinary challenge

  • combines basic sciences and interpersonal concerns

  • provides an opportunity to help suffering people

  • covers a broad field of practice

  • offers job security.

Main statements against a career in medicine

The medical profession ...

  • is characterized by high workload, time pressure and emotional stress

  • offers poorly structured speciality-qualification training

  • is shifting away from work with patients to administrative work

  • entails a work-life imbalance with limited quality of life

  • is rewarded neither by adequate income nor by social acknowledgement.

Frequency distribution of statements for and against a career in medicine by residents in different speciality fields

In a further step, we investigated whether the arguments for and against a career in medicine differed according to the residents' speciality field. As seen in Table 3.1 and 3.2, there were almost no differences between the statements of residents of the various medical fields, apart from significant differences for statements against a career in medicine in the category Further training and speciality qualification conditions for residents in High-technology medicine and Psychiatry; more negative entries were given in this category than for residents in the other speciality fields.

Table 3.1 Frequency distribution of "statements for" a career in medicine (n = 1,640) given by residents of Internal medicine (n = 197), Surgical specialities (n = 106), High-technology medicine (n = 51), Paediatrics (n = 48), Psychiatry (n = 27), other specialities (n = 53), and residents not yet decided (n = 85)
Table 3.2 Frequency distribution of "statements against" a career in medicine (n = 1,703) given by residents of Internal medicine (n = 197), Surgical specialities (n = 106), High-technology medicine (n = 51), Paediatrics (n = 48), Psychiatry (n = 27), other specialities (n = 53), and residents not yet decided (n = 85)

Frequency distribution of statements for and against a career in medicine by residents who would choose to become a doctor all over again and those who would not

In addition, we were also interested in whether the frequency distribution of the given arguments for and against a career in medicine would vary according to whether or not residents would all over again decide to go into medical training (Table 4.1 and 4.2). Of the present study sample (n = 567), 442 (78%) participants (231 females, 76.2%; 211 males, 79.9%) would choose to become doctors again, while 117 (22%) residents (67 females, 22.1%; 50 males, 18.9%) would not. Five (1.7%) of the women doctors and 3 (1.1%) of the male doctors have not given a response. There were no significant gender-relevant differences.

As expected, residents who would not choose to go into medicine again named significantly more "statements against" in terms of Personal experiences in day-to-day working life (p < .05) and Enjoyment/Meaning (p < .05) (Table 4.2). They reported significantly fewer "statements for" in terms of Enjoyment/Meaning (p < .01) but surprisingly more in terms of General work-related structural conditions (p < .05) (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 Frequency distribution of "statements for" a career in medicine (n = 1,640 responses) given by 442 residents who would go into medicine again and 117 residents who would not, as well as by 8 residents not giving a response.
Table 4.2 Frequency distribution of "statements against" a career in medicine (n = 1,703 responses) given by 442 residents who would go into medicine again and 117 residents who would not, as well as by 8 residents not giving a response.

Discussion

In recent years, the image of medicine as a caring profession has been badly tarnished by a rash of critical reports in the media of many Western countries [5, 23, 24]. Blame for the rising costs of health care is laid mainly at the feet of doctors. To bring costs under control, managed-care bureaucrats increasingly limit the scope of doctors' work and patient care [4, 17].

This qualitative study focused on the statements made by the participants of the prospective Swiss physicians' career-development and life-satisfaction study, in favour of or against a career in medicine. At the time of the assessment, the physicians were in the middle of their residency. The responses were evaluated according to Mayring's qualitative content analysis [22] and assigned to eight content categories.

Looking first at the ranking and frequency distribution of residents' responses, it is striking that the categories Personal experiences in day-to-day working life and Interpersonal experiences accounted for 70% of all comments in favour of a career in medicine. This indicates that most female and male physicians have chosen medicine because they have a high interest in the scientific and practical matters of the profession and are devoted to caring for people. Similar results are reported by McManus et al. [25]. Fourth-year residents seem to enjoy the practical experience of working as doctors with patients and value the interdisciplinary teamwork among the medical staff. In a previous assessment (T2), when the participants were in their first year of postgraduate training, statements concerning both positive and negative experiences of professional relationships were also ranked high [20]. The top-ranking statements against a career in medicine were the responses in the category General work-related structural conditions (32%). Heavy workload, on-call responsibilities and lack of mentorship and departmental support as well as increasing bureaucracy are disincentives to staying in clinical work [26]. Women doctors in particular complain that the current job-structure framework has a lasting negative effect on their career opportunities as soon as they attempt to balance their professional and personal lives [27]. Second place in the ranking of arguments against a career in medicine is taken by Social prestige and health-policy aspects (21%). To our knowledge, only a few studies have addressed these issues as deterring young doctors from remaining in curative medicine [5]. Accused by the media and health politicians of being greedy for power and money, doctors are often forced to legitimate their work on economic rather than scientific or ethical grounds. Because of increasing financial cutbacks and regulations passed by the government, doctors are restricted in their free professionalism and cannot properly plan their future basis of existence.

For male residents the latter reasons are even more important as arguments against a career in medicine than for female residents. Not surprisingly, there were few or almost no positive statements from either gender concerning Income and Leisure/Private Life. In terms of negative arguments in these categories, female residents made significantly fewer comments for Income, but more comments for Private Life. These assessments still reflect the gender stereotypes of men needing to provide financial support for their family while women identify more strongly with the caring aspect [28].

What makes the medical profession still attractive enough for young people so that a high number of school leavers apply for medical school? Study participants' statements, listed in Table 2 (see also Additional file 1), indicate that the bio-psychosocial profile of human medicine [29], the broad, interdisciplinary scope of academic medicine and the wide range of options for working as a doctor are key factors for the profession's appeal. A British study [25] also reported that the generic motivations of medical school applicants could be assigned to four dimensions: Indispensability, Helping People, Respect and Science. Unlike economics and fine arts, professional fields in which job security has decreased, the medical profession still provides a high degree of job security.

The arguments against a career in medicine mentioned above illustrate why men in particular have a declining interest in medicine: Badly structured residency programmes, heavy workload and inadequate wages are conditions which young physicians are no longer willing to accept. As seen in Great Britain [3] and Germany [18], an increasing number of medical-school graduates leave curative medicine, go abroad to countries with better working conditions [6], or express their dissatisfaction in demonstrations (Switzerland) or strikes (Germany).

Several decades ago, doctors tended to over-commitment to their jobs and neglect of their families. Nowadays, young physicians insist on a higher quality of life and more flexibility to arrange their personal lives according to their own tastes.

Contrary to the findings in the literature, we noted only a few differences in residents' statements depending on different medical fields. This result might be explained by the fact that unsatisfactory basic structural conditions of the profession are a major deterrent irrespective of the medical field. In surgical fields in particular, continuing education is often poorly structured [10, 11, 20, 26], which leads to a declining interest in this field. In our study, High-technology medicine and Psychiatry residents gave significantly more arguments against a career in medicine in the Quality of postgraduate training category. It is probably safe to assume that the speciality-qualification programme guidelines are not properly implemented in these two medical fields.

That one in every five of the participating fourth-year residents would not choose to become a doctor all over again must be a cause for concern. Among the statements given against a career in medicine were a lack of enjoyment and fulfilment in patient care, and the experiencing of difficulties in day-to-day working life. At this point in their careers, it is unclear whether the aforementioned arguments against choosing a career in medicine will become so important that the residents leave medicine, or whether they will be able to cope with the unsatisfactory structural conditions of the medical profession and with the restrictions imposed by health policies. It is known that in other countries, especially Germany, a high percentage of doctors – more women than men – leave medicine after only the first year of clinical work [18]. Considering the high educational investments made in medical school graduates, in most European countries paid primarily by the government, better structural conditions in medicine must be established in order to retain the appeal of the profession.

Further assessments within the scope of the ongoing survey will contribute to answering the question of what careers the participating physicians will pursue in the long run.

Conclusion

Residents complain mainly of deteriorating structural working conditions, including an unfavourable work-life balance. To make medicine attractive once again, sustainable changes in the conditions of the health-care system and social reward are essential.

References

  1. Murray A, Montgomery JE, Chang H, Rogers WH, Inui. Thomas, Gelb Safran D: Doctor discontent. A comparison of physician satisfaction in different delivery system settings. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2001, 16: 451-459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mechanic D: Physician discontent. Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA. 2003, 290: 941-946. 10.1001/jama.290.7.941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. British Medical Association: BMA Cohort Study of 1995 Medical Graduates. 2005, London, British Medical Association, Health Policy & Economic Research Unit

    Google Scholar 

  4. Landon BE, Reschovsky J, Blumenthal D: Changes in career satisfaction among primary care and specialist physicians, 1997-2001. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003, 289: 442-449. 10.1001/jama.289.4.442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cohen JJ: Our compact with tomorrow's doctors. Academic Medicine. 2002, 77: 475-480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kopetsch T: The medical profession in Germany: past trends, current state and future prospects. Cahiers de sociologie et de démographie médicales. 2004, 44: 43-70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Theorell T: Changing society: changing role of doctors. The stresses must not be allowed to get too great. BMJ. 2000, 320: 1417-1418. 10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ, Evans J: Views of junior doctors about their work: survey of qualifiers of 1993 and 1996 from United Kingdom medical schools. Medical Education. 2000, 34: 348-354. 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00573.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dumelow C, Littlejohns P, Griffiths S: Relation between a career and family life for English hospital consultants: qualitative, semistructured interview study. BMJ. 2000, 320: 1437-1440. 10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zimmermann A, Giunta RE: Quality of surgical continuing education in plastic surgery in Germany. Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie. 2005, 37: 349-354. 10.1055/s-2005-872885.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ansorg J, Hassan I, Fendrich V, Polonius MJ, Rothmund M, Langer P: Quality of surgical continuing education in Germany. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2005, 130: 508-513. 10.1055/s-2005-863084.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hasler N: Einkommensverhältnisse der freien Ärzteschaft der Schweiz in den Jahren 2001 und 2002. Schweizerische Ärztezeitung. 2006, 87: 87-93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Weeks WB, Wallace AE: The more things change: revisiting a comparison of educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. Academic Medicine. 2002, 77: 312-319. 10.1097/00001888-200204000-00010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Magee M, Hojat M: Impact of health care system on physicians' discontent. Journal of Community Health. 2001, 26: 357-365. 10.1023/A:1010415301511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nylenna M, Gulbrandsen P, Foerde R, Aasland OG: Unhappy doctors? A longitudinal study of life and job satisfaction among Norwegian doctors 1994-2002. BMC Health Services Research. 2005, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Davidson JM, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ, Parkhouse J: UK senior doctors' career destinations, job satisfaction, and future intentions: questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal. 2002, 325: 685-686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Stoddard JJ, Hargraves JL, MReed M, Vratil A: Managed care, professional autonomy, and income. Effects on physicians career satisfaction. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2001, 16: 675-684. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.01206.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kopetsch T: Dem Deutschen Gesundheitswesen gehen die Ärzte aus! Studie zur Altersstruktur- und Arztzahlentwicklung. 2003, Köln, Bundesärztekammer und Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, 2. aktualisierte und überarbeitete

    Google Scholar 

  19. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Abel T, Buddeberg C: The influence of gender and personality traits on the career planning of medical students. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2003, 133: 535-540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Abel T, Buddeberg C: Junior physicians' workplace experiences in clinical fields in German-speaking Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2005, 135: 19-26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Zivanovic I, Vetsch E, Buddeberg C: Institutional conditions and individual experiences in the career-entry period of Swiss medical residents - a qualitative study. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2006, 136: 26-32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mayring P: Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken. 2000, Weinheim, Beltz, Deutscher Studienverlag, 53-63. 7. Aufl

    Google Scholar 

  23. Edwards N, Kornacki MJ, Silversin J: Unhappy doctors: what are the causes and what can be done?. British Medical Journal. 2002, 324: 835-838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ham C, Alberti KGMM: The medical profession, the public, and the government. British Medical Journal. 2002, 324: 838-842.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. McManus IC, Livingston G, Katona C: The attraction of medicine: the gerneric motivations of medical school applicants in relation to demography, personality and achievement. BMC Medical Education. 2006, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Caniano DA, Sonnino RE, Paolo AM: Keys to career satisfaction: insights from a survey of women pediatric surgeons. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004, 39: 984-990. 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.02.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Carr PL, Ash AS, Friedman RH, Scaramucci A, Barnett RC, Szalacha L, Palepu A, Moskowitz MM: Relation of family responsibilities and gender to the productivity and career satisfaction of medical faculty. Annals Internal Medicine. 1998, 129: 532-538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Illés C, Klaghofer R: Karrierewünsche und Karriereängste von Medizinstudierenden - Ergebnisse von Fokusgruppeninterviews mit Staatsexamenskandidatinnen und -kandidaten. Das Gesundheitswesen. 2002, 64: 353-362. 10.1055/s-2002-32179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Buddeberg C: Bedeutung und Aufgaben der Psychosozialen Medizin. Psychosoziale Medizin. Edited by: Buddeberg C. 2004, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 1-12. 3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (NF Nos. 3200-061906.00 and 3200 BO-102130).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Buddeberg-Fischer.

Additional information

Competing interests

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

BBF, RK and CB designed the study, CD was responsible for data acquisition and conducted the content analysis, BBF, RK, CD and CB contributed to the interpretation of data, BBF drafted the manuscript versions, RK and CB revised the drafts critically for important intellectual content. All authors gave final approval to the version to be published.

Electronic supplementary material

12913_2006_275_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Additional File 1: Beispiele von Argumenten für oder gegen den Arztberuf. This Additional file gives the wording of the examples of the statements for and against a career in medicine in the original German language. (DOC 26 KB)

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Dietz, C., Klaghofer, R. et al. Swiss residents' arguments for and against a career in medicine. BMC Health Serv Res 6, 98 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-98

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-98

Keywords