Research article

Clinical outcomes and kinetics of propanil following acute self-poisoning: a prospective case series

Darren M Roberts^1,2,3 , Renate Heilmair⁴ , Nick A Buckley^1,2,3,5 , Andrew H Dawson^1,3,5 , Mohamed Fahim^1,5 , Michael Eddleston^1,3,6 and Peter Eyer⁴

¹  South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

²  Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

³  Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

⁴  Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany

⁵  Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

⁶  Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, New Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK

author email corresponding author email

BMC Clinical Pharmacology 2009, 9:3doi:10.1186/1472-6904-9-3

Published:	16 February 2009

Abstract

Background

Propanil is an important cause of death from acute pesticide poisoning, of which methaemoglobinaemia is an important manifestation. However, there is limited information about the clinical toxicity and kinetics. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical outcomes and kinetics of propanil following acute intentional self-poisoning.

Methods

431 patients with a history of propanil poisoning were admitted from 2002 until 2007 in a large, multi-centre prospective cohort study in rural hospitals in Sri Lanka. 40 of these patients ingested propanil with at least one other poison and were not considered further. The remaining 391 patients were classified using a simple grading system on the basis of clinical outcomes; methaemoglobinaemia could not be quantified due to limited resources. Blood samples were obtained on admission and a subset of patients provided multiple samples for kinetic analysis of propanil and the metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA).

Results

There were 42 deaths (median time to death 1.5 days) giving a case fatality of 10.7%. Death occurred despite treatment in the context of cyanosis, sedation, hypotension and severe lactic acidosis consistent with methaemoglobinaemia. Treatment consisted primarily of methylene blue (1 mg/kg for one or two doses), exchange transfusion and supportive care when methaemoglobinaemia was diagnosed clinically. Admission plasma concentrations of propanil and DCA reflected the clinical outcome. The elimination half-life of propanil was 3.2 hours (95% confidence interval 2.6 to 4.1 hours) and the concentration of DCA was generally higher, more persistent and more variable than propanil.

Conclusion

Propanil is the most lethal herbicide in Sri Lanka after paraquat. Methylene blue was largely prescribed in low doses and administered as intermittent boluses which are expected to be suboptimal given the kinetics of methylene blue, propanil and the DCA metabolite. But in the absence of controlled studies the efficacy of these and other treatments is poorly defined. More research is required into the optimal management of acute propanil poisoning.