Table 3 |
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|
Effects of Tai Chi on psychological health (19 non-meta-analyzed studies) |
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|
Reference |
Control Group(s) |
Psychological Status Measured |
P-value |
Main Conclusions |
|
|
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|
5 Randomized Controlled Trials |
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|
|
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|
Galantino et al, 2005 |
1.Aerobic exercise 2.Usual activity |
Anxiety (POMS) |
0.005 |
Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety |
|
|
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|
Mustian et al, 2004 |
Psychosocial support therapy |
Self-Esteem (RSE) |
0.01 |
Tai Chi improved self-esteem |
|
|
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|
Kutner et al, 1997 |
1. Education control 2.Balance training |
Self-Esteem (RSE) |
NS |
Tai Chi improved self-esteem vs. exercise control and vs. education & balance training |
|
|
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|
Brown et al, 1995 |
1.Moderate intensity walk 2.Low intensity walk 3.Low intensity walk & relaxation 4.Usual lifestyle behaviors |
Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (STAI, POMS, Tukey multiple comparison test, LSES, PANAS) Self-Esteem (RSE, SPES and BCS) |
<0.05 |
Tai Chi improved anxiety, depression, general mood and mood disturbance and negative affect (women) |
|
|
||||
|
NS |
Tai Chi improved self-esteem in physical competence (men and women) |
|||
|
|
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|
Jin, 1992 |
1.TC meditation 2.Brisk walking 3.Neutral reading |
Stress (Salivary Cortisol Levela) Anxiety (STAI Y-1) Mood and Emotion (POMS) |
<0.005 |
Tai Chi reduced anxiety vs. neutral reading group |
|
|
||||
|
<0.001 |
All groups reduced stress level and improved total mood disturbance |
|||
|
|
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|
7 Non-Randomized Comparison Studies |
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|
|
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|
Lee et al, 2007 |
Usual activity |
Self-Esteem (SSES-Chinese Version) |
<0.001 |
Tai Chi improved self-esteem |
|
|
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|
Wall, 2005 |
Self-comparison |
Anxiety (Written subjective statements) |
ND |
Students reported feeling calmer, peaceful, relaxed & experienced well-being & improved sleep |
|
|
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|
Mills et al, 2000 |
Self-comparison |
Anxiety, Depression (POMS) |
NS |
Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety |
|
|
||||
|
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decrease depression-dejection |
|||
|
|
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|
Gibb et al, 1997 |
Self-comparison |
Mood and Emotion (Biographical Self Reflection Program) |
ND |
Tai Chi improved structured reminiscence with facilitated focused & insightful thinking |
|
|
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|
Fu et al, 1996 |
Self-comparison |
Mood and Emotion (Records from self- report program) |
ND |
Tai Chi decreased total mood disturbance |
|
|
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|
Jin, 1989 |
Self-comparison |
Stress (Salivary Cortisol Level) a Depression (POMS) Anxiety (STAI) Mood and Emotion (POMS) |
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decreased stress during and after Tai Chi |
|
|
||||
|
<0.001 |
Tai Chi decreased anxiety and total mood disturbance during and after TC |
|||
|
|
||||
|
<0.05 |
Tai Chi decreased depression during and after Tai Chi |
|||
|
|
||||
|
Mack, 1980 |
Self-comparison |
Mood and Emotion (no test reported) |
ND |
Tai Chi improved mood status |
|
|
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|
7 Observational Studies |
||||
|
|
||||
|
Chen et al, 2006 |
Self-comparison |
Mood and Emotion (Self-design, 10 items) |
ND |
Tai Chi improved mood status & psychological health |
|
|
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|
Wang & Wang, 2004 |
1. >30 min, >3×/wk (regular Tai Chi & Tai Chi sword) 2. some activity, <30 min, <3×/wk 3. other activity, >30 min, >3×/wk |
Stress (Chinese Psychological Stress Scores) |
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decreased psychological stress vs. some activity (<30 min, <3×/wk) |
|
|
||||
|
NS |
Tai Chi decreased psychological stress vs. other activity (>30 min, >3×/wk) |
|||
|
|
||||
|
Yang et al, 2004 |
Routine activity |
Anxiety (Zung SAS) Depression (Zung SDS) |
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decreased anxiety and depression scores |
|
|
||||
|
Bond et al, 2002 |
1.Sedentary 2.Moderate aerobic activity |
Anxiety (STAI) |
<0.05 |
Tai Chi and moderate aerobic activity decreased state anxiety vs. sedentary group |
|
|
||||
|
Chen et al, 2001 |
No exercise control group |
Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS-SF) |
0.000 |
Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety, depression-dejection and total mood disturbance |
|
|
||||
|
Liu & Zhang, 2000 |
General population |
Anxiety, Depression (Self-Rating Scale-90) |
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decreased anxiety and depression scales |
|
|
||||
|
Long et al, 2000 |
Routine activity |
Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS) |
<0.01 |
Tai Chi decreased anxiety, depression scales and total mood disturbance |
|
|
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|
Abbreviations: ND = no data; NS = not statistically significant; DASS 21 = Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales 21 item questionnaire; POMS = Profile of Mood States; RSE = Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; LSES = Life Satisfaction in the Elderly Scale; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; SPS = Self-Perceived Stress score; SPES = Sonstroem Physical Examination Scale; BCS = Body Cathexis Score; SSES = State Self-Esteem Scale; FAHI = Functional Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection; SAS = Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale. a Objective measure. |
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|
Wang et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2010 10:23 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-23 |
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