Table 3

Psychotherapy Interventions
Type
 Format
 Pop
 CG
 RA
 Num
 TSL (days)
 DT
 Key Outcome Measures
 Article
Cognitive-behavioral
 Individual
 Senior
 Y
 N
 58/NR
 120–180
 70 days; 4 sessions
 Mastery (Personal Mastery Scale); Well-being (MHI subscales, ABS Subscale, PERI self-esteem); Distress (PERI Demoralization Scales, MHI subscales)
 Reich & Zautra, 1989

Individual
 Senior
 N
 NA
 4/4
 540–730
 98 days; 14–18 sessions
 Distress (SUDS); Grief (ICG); Depression (BDI); Anxiety (BAI)
 Harkness, Shear, et al, 2002**

Individual
 Adult
 Y
 Y
 30/25
 >90
 35 days; 10 sessions
 Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Anxiety (SCL-90); Depression (SCL-90); Mood (POMS)
 Lange, van de Ven, et al, 2001

Individual
 Adult
 Y
 Y-NE
 26/14
 180–7300
 70 days; 6 sessions
 Depression (Wakefield, BDI); Physical Symptoms (Mawson et al, 1981); Fear (FQ); Grief (TRIG); Avoidance (Bereavement Avoidance Tasks)
 Sireling, Cohen, & Marks, 1988

Group
 Adult
 Y
 Y-NE
 261/147
 46–229
 84 days; 8 sessions
 Mental Distress (BSI, GSI); PTS Symptoms (TES); Grief (GES); Physical Health (HHB); Marital Strain (DAS)
 Murphy, Johnson, et al, 1998 Murphy, 1997

Group
 Adult
 Y
 Y-NE
 110/80
 ~730
 28 days; 8 sessions
 Coping and Adaptation (TAT)
 Balk, Lampe, et al, 1998

Group
 Adult
 Y
 N
 38/21
 90–750
 70 days; 10 sessions
 Treatment Expectancy (Expectancy Scale); Depression (BDI); Avoidance, Anxiety (Social Anxiety and Distress Scale); Enjoyability (Pleasant Events Scale); Life Satisfaction (Life Satisfaction Scale)
 Walls & Meyers, 1985

Group
 Adult
 N
 NA
 8/8
 >30
 56 days; 8 sessions
 Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Depression (BDI, SCL-90-R); Anxiety (SCL-90-R, STAI); Grief (GRI); Distress (PERI Demoralization)
 Sikkema, Kalichman, et al, 1995****

Group
 Child
 Y
 UC
 19/18
 <730
 NR
 Behavior (BRIC-S, BRIC-H); Depression (DSRS); Grief (BP)
 Hilliard, 2001
Psycho-dynamic
 Individual
 Senior
 Y
 Y
 228
 ~60
 <180 days; Unlimited sessions
 Number of Office Visits, Types of Illnesses
 Gerber, Wiener, Battin, et al, 1975

Individual
 Senior
 Y
 Y-NE
 33/30
 90–1170
 14 days; 4 sessions
 Mental Distress (BSI); Depression (GDS); Hopelessness (GHS); Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Mood (PANAS)
 Segal, Bogaards, et al, 1999

Individual
 Adult
 Y
 Y
 66/56
 <49
 90 days; up to 9 sessions
 General Health(general health questionnaire)
 Raphael, 1977

Individual
 Adult
 Y
 N
 72/63
 60–462
 12–20 sessions
 Avoidance/Intrusion (IES-A, IES-I); Depression (SCL-90); Anxiety (SCL-90); Total Pathology (SCL-90); Stress-Intrusion (SRRS); Neurotic Symptoms (BPRS)
 Horowitz, Weiss, et al, 1984

Individual
 Adult
 N
 Y-NE
 12/6
 365–3650
 196 days
 Depression (Wakefield); Grief (TRIG) Phobic Avoidance (FQ); Hostility/Anger/Guilt (HAG); Attitude to self and deceased (author-created scales); Avoidance (Bereavement Avoidance Tasks); Physical Symptoms (Maddison & Viola, 1968); Compulsive Behavior (Compulsive Activity Checklist); Social Adjustment (Watson & Marks, 1971)
 Mawson, Marks, et al, 1981

Individual
 Adult
 N
 NA
 1/1
 <180
 112 days; 10 sessions
 Grief (Grief Scale); Coping (CRI)
 Orton, 1994

Group
 Senior
 Y
 Y
 150/117
 <365–7300
 540 days; 6 sessions
 Depression (BDI); Socialization (RSAS)
 Constantino, 1988*****
Psycho-dynamic
 Group
 Adult
 Y
 Y-NE
 56/53
 120–330
 8 sessions
 Depression, Anxiety, Somatization (Hopkins Symptom Checklist); Grief Intensity, Preoccupation, Guilt, Anger (Lieberman & Videka-Sherman, 1986); Psychological Distress (Bradburn Affect Balance Scale); Locus of Control (Pearlman et al, 1981); Self-Esteem (Rosenberg scale, 1965); Social Adjustment (Pearlman et al, 1981, Lieberman & Videka-Sherman, 1986)
 Lieberman & Yalom, 1992

Group
 Adult
 Y
 N
 50/50
 NR
 90 days; 14 sessions
 Grief (TRIG)
 Sabatini, 1988–89

Group
 Adult
 N
 Y
 139/107
 90–17155
 84 days; 12 sessions
 Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Grief (TRIG); Interpersonal Distress (IIP); Social Functioning (SAS-SR); Depression (BDI); Anxiety (STAI); Mental Distress (BSI, GSI); Self-Esteem (SES); Physical Functioning (SF-36); Symptomatic Distress (SCL-90)
 Piper, McCallum, et al, 2001*

Group
 Adult
 N
 Y-NE
 61/55
 120–1095
 84 days; 12 sessions
 Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Stress Symptoms (SRRS); Depression (BDI); Mental Distress (BPRS, SCL-90); Social Functioning (SAS-SR); Overall Functioning (GAS)
 Marmar, Horowitz, et al, 1988**

Group
 Child
 Y
 N
 16/16
 30–365
 56 days
 Depression (CDI); Behavior (AP, AT); Grief (BP); Family alliance (TP); Grief, family relationship (TC)
 Tonkins & Lambert, 1996

Group
 Child
 N
 NA
 45/37
 30–3650
 70 days
 Trauma (CPTSRI)
 Salloum, Avery, & McClain, 2001
Psycho-analytic
 Group
 Adult
 N
 N
 154/59
 NR
 84 days; 12 sessions
 Affect (author created); Psychodynamic Work (PWORS); Severity of objectives (author created)
 McCallum, Piper, & Morin, 1993
Inter-personal
 Individual
 Senior
 Y
 Y-NE
 80/66
 216–279
 112 days; up to 16 sessions
 Grief (TRIG)
 Reynolds, Miller, et al, 1999***
Behavioral and Psycho-dynamic
 Individual
 Adult
 Y
 N
 83/83
 <1825
 15–20 sessions
 Anger (State Trait Anger Inventory); Anxiety (STAI); Avoidance/Intrusion (IES); Somatic/psychoneurotic symptoms (SCL-90); (Locus of Control Scale)
 Kleber & Brom, 1987

Notes: * Study also included support/counselling condition. ** Treatment also included aspects of interpersonal psychotherapy. *** Study also included pharmacotherapy condition. **** Treatment also included aspects of social support. ***** Study also included social activities condition. Legend: Type, Type of Intervention; Format, Format of Intervention; Pop, Target Population; CG, Control Group; RA, Random Assignment; Num, Number of subjects; TSL, Time Since Loss; DT, Duration of Trial; NA, Not Applicable; NR, Not Reported; UC, Unclear; Y, Yes; N, No; Y-NE Randomization mentioned, but allocation method not explicitly stated.

Forte et al. BMC Palliative Care 2004 3:3   doi:10.1186/1472-684X-3-3