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Table 4
Multilevel logistic regression analyses for inappropriate use of indwelling urethra catheters in hospitalized patients
	Initial placement		Prevalence survey
	Univariate	Multivariate	Univariate	Multivariate
Risk factor	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Age^a	1.46 (1.25-1.72)**	1.30 (1.12-1.52)*	1.38 (1.21-1.56)**	1.27 (1.12-1.43)**
Gender
Male	1.00*	1.00*	1.00*	1.00*
Female	1.86 (1.26-2.73)	1.73 (1.17-2.56)	1.58 (1.15-2.17)	1.45 (1.05-2.00)
Medical ward
ICU	1.00**	1.00*	1.00**	1.00**
non-ICU	6.16 (2.5-16.67)	4.80 (1.84-12.52)	10.0 (3.70-25.00)	7.85 (3.04-20.25)
Surgery
Yes	1.00**	1.00**	1.00**	1.00*
No	2.78 (1.89-4.17)	2.40 (1.59-3.62)	1.82 (1.33-2.50)	1.56 (1.12-2.17)

CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio.

^a incremental increase by 10years.

*P value, <0.05; **P value <0.001.

Jansen et al. BMC Urology 2012 12:25 doi:10.1186/1471-2490-12-25