Table 3

Multinomial logistic regression comparing cocaine only and both opiate and cocaine overdose compared to opiate only overdose deaths among decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*

Cocaine only overdose deaths vs opiate only overdose deaths
 Opiate/cocaine overdose deaths vs opiate only overdose deaths

Adjusted model
 Adjusted model
Characteristics
 OR
 95 CI
 p-value
 OR
 95 CI
 p-value
Sex





     Female
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     Male
 0.71
 0.62 – 0.82
 <0.0001
 0.88
 0.77 – 1.01
 0.0733
Race/ethnicity





     White
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     Black
 4.73
 4.08 – 5.49
 <0.0001
 1.94
 1.71 – 2.21
 <0.0001
     Hispanic
 1.51
 1.29 – 1.76
 <0.0001
 1.20
 1.06 – 1.36
 0.0035
Age





     15–24
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     25–34
 1.74
 1.27 – 2.37
 0.0005
 1.41
 1.12 – 1.79
 0.0040
     35–44
 1.43
 1.05 – 1.94
 0.0217
 1.11
 0.88 – 1.39
 0.3891
     45–54
 1.69
 1.23 – 2.32
 0.0012
 0.88
 0.69 – 1.13
 0.3318
     55–64
 2.53
 1.70 – 3.75
 <0.0001
 0.75
 0.52 – 1.08
 0.1254
Borough of death





     Manhattan
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     Bronx
 0.93
 0.79 – 1.10
 0.3915
 0.87
 0.76 – 1.00
 0.0551
     Brooklyn
 0.80
 0.68 – 0.93
 0.0033
 0.63
 0.55 – 0.72
 <0.0001
     Queens
 0.85
 0.71 – 1.03
 0.0934
 0.70
 0.60 – 0.82
 <0.0001
     Staten Island
 1.01
 0.69 – 1.49
 0.9575
 0.66
 0.47 – 0.93
 0.0165
Place of OD episode





     Other inside (not residence)
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     Residence
 0.92
 0.78 – 1.07
 0.2830
 0.93
 0.81 – 1.06
 0.2754
     Outside
 1.34
 1.06 – 1.68
 0.0127
 1.08
 0.88 – 1.32
 0.4626
Cannabis detected





     no
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     yes
 0.96
 0.77 – 1.21
 0.7590
 1.25
 1.04 – 1.50
 0.0161
Alcohol detected





     no
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     yes
 0.50
 0.44 – 0.56
 <0.0001
 0.89
 0.80 – 0.98
 0.0221
Year of death





     1990
 REF
 ---
 ---
 REF
 ---
 ---
     1991
 1.37
 1.00 – 1.87
 0.0465
 1.17
 0.88 – 1.55
 0.2790
     1992
 1.30
 0.95 – 1.77
 0.0963
 1.28
 0.97 – 1.68
 0.0831
     1993
 0.98
 0.72 – 1.31
 0.8726
 1.38
 1.06 – 1.78
 0.0157
     1994
 1.19
 0.89 – 1.60
 0.2449
 1.38
 1.06 – 1.79
 0.0161
     1995
 0.79
 0.59 – 1.07
 0.1281
 1.11
 0.86 – 1.44
 0.4269
     1996
 0.97
 0.72 – 1.30
 0.8246
 0.93
 0.71 – 1.21
 0.5770
     1997
 0.76
 0.56 – 1.03
 0.0727
 0.73
 0.56 – 0.95
 0.0210
     1998
 0.86
 0.63 – 1.18
 0.3552
 1.03
 0.78 – 1.35
 0.8522
     1999
 0.78
 0.57 – 1.07
 0.1178
 0.84
 0.64 – 1.11
 0.2271
     2000
 0.66
 0.49 – 0.91
 0.0098
 0.81
 0.62 – 1.06
 0.1276

*analysis restricted to decedents with opiates-only, cocaine only, and both opiates and cocaine detected

Bernstein et al. BMC Public Health 2007 7:31   doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-31