Table 1

Bivariate associations of cocaine only, opiate only, and both cocaine and opiate overdose deaths among all accidental drug overdose decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*

Total
 Cocaine only overdose deaths
 Opiate only overdose deaths
 Opiate and cocaine overdose deaths
Characteristics
 N
 %
 N
 %
 p-value
 N
 %
 p-value
 N
 %
 p-value
Total
 8774
 100.0
 2392
 27.3
 ---
 2825
 32.2
 ---
 3557
 40.5
 ---
Sex










     Female
 1807
 20.6
 630
 34.9
 <0.001
 478
 26.5
 <0.001
 699
 38.7
 0.071
     Male
 6967
 79.4
 1762
 25.3
2347
 33.7
2858
 41.0
Race/ethnicity










     White
 2948
 33.6
 486
 16.5
 <0.001
 1242
 42.1
 <0.001
 1220
 41.4
 <0.001
     Black
 3234
 36.9
 1348
 41.7
671
 20.7
1215
 37.6
     Hispanic
 2592
 29.5
 558
 21.5
912
 35.2
1122
 43.3
Age










     15–24
 419
 4.8
 70
 16.7
 <0.001
 170
 40.6
 <0.001
 179
 42.7
 <0.001
     25–34
 2369
 27.0
 573
 24.2
704
 29.7
1092
 46.1
     35–44
 3788
 43.2
 977
 25.8
1242
 32.8
1569
 41.4
     45–54
 1834
 20.9
 602
 32.8
609
 33.2
623
 34.0
     55–64
 364
 4.1
 170
 46.7
100
 27.5
94
 25.8
Borough of death










     Manhattan
 2798
 32.0
 769
 27.5
 0.085
 783
 28.0
 <0.001
 1246
 44.5
 <0.001
     Bronx
 2110
 24.1
 579
 27.4
641
 30.4
890
 42.2
     Brooklyn
 2391
 27.3
 684
 28.6
850
 35.5
857
 35.8
     Queens
 1273
 14.6
 311
 24.4
469
 36.8
493
 38.7
     Staten Island
 176
 2.0
 49
 27.8
82
 46.6
71
 40.3
Cannabis detected










     no
 8076
 92.0
 2248
 27.8
 <0.001
 2602
 32.2
 0.880
 3226
 39.9
 <0.001
     yes
 698
 8.0
 144
 20.6
223
 31.9
331
 47.4
Alcohol detected










     no
 5070
 57.8
 1663
 32.8
 <0.001
 1460
 28.8
 <0.001
 1947
 38.4
 <0.001
     yes
 3704
 42.2
 729
 0.2
1365
 36.9
1610
 43.5
Place of OD episode










     Other inside
 1122
 13.4
 257
 22.9
 <0.001
 363
 32.4
 0.002
 502
 44.7
 0.015
     Residence
 6359
 75.7
 1697
 26.7
2109
 33.2
2553
 40.1
     Outside
 918
 10.9
 291
 31.7
250
 27.2
377
 41.1
Day of the week










     Monday-Thursday
 4647
 53.0
 1306
 28.1
 0.061
 1484
 31.9
 0.586
 1857
 40.0
 0.240
     Friday-Sunday
 4127
 47.0
 1086
 26.3
1341
 32.5
1700
 41.2
Year of death










     1990
 506
 5.8
 148
 29.2
 <0.001
 155
 30.6
 <0.001
 203
 40.1
 <0.001
     1991
 708
 8.1
 247
 34.9
184
 26.0
277
 39.1
     1992
 772
 8.8
 233
 30.2
210
 27.2
329
 42.6
     1993
 1014
 11.6
 241
 23.8
288
 28.4
485
 47.8
     1994
 994
 11.3
 283
 28.5
266
 26.8
445
 44.8
     1995
 979
 11.2
 231
 23.6
317
 32.4
431
 44.0
     1996
 852
 9.7
 250
 29.3
290
 34.0
312
 36.6
     1997
 806
 9.2
 219
 27.2
314
 39.0
273
 33.9
     1998
 737
 8.4
 193
 26.2
251
 34.1
293
 39.8
     1999
 651
 7.4
 169
 26.0
247
 37.9
235
 36.1
     2000
 755
 8.6
 178
 23.6
303
 40.1
274
 36.3

*analysis restricted to decedents with opiates-only, cocaine only, and both opiates and cocaine detected

Bernstein et al. BMC Public Health 2007 7:31   doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-31