Research article

Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid from women with early-stage breast cancer using isotope-coded affinity tags and tandem mass spectrometry reveals differential expression of vitamin D binding protein

Timothy M Pawlik¹ , David H Hawke² , Yanna Liu¹ , Savitri Krishnamurthy³ , Herbert Fritsche⁴ , Kelly K Hunt¹ and Henry M Kuerer¹

¹  Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

²  Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

³  Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

⁴  Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

author email corresponding author email

BMC Cancer 2006, 6:68doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-68

Published:	16 March 2006

Abstract

Background

Isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis of paired protein samples. We sought to determine whether ICAT technology could quantify and identify differential expression of tumor-specific proteins in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from the tumor-bearing and contralateral disease-free breasts of patients with unilateral early-stage breast cancer.

Methods

Paired NAF samples from 18 women with stage I or II unilateral invasive breast carcinoma and 4 healthy volunteers were analyzed using ICAT labeling, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), liquid chromatography, and MS. Proteins were identified by sequence database analysis. Western blot analysis of NAF from an independent sample set from 12 women (8 with early-stage breast cancer and 4 healthy volunteers) was also performed.

Results

353 peptides were identified from tandem mass spectra and matched to peptide sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Equal numbers of peptides were up- versus down-regulated. Alpha2HS-glycoprotein [Heavy:Light (H:L) ratio 0.63] was underexpressed in NAF from tumor-bearing breasts, while lipophilin B (H:L ratio 1.42), beta-globin (H:L ratio 1.98), hemopexin (H:L ratio 1.73), and vitamin D-binding protein precursor (H:L ratio 1.82) were overexpressed. Western blot analysis of pooled samples of NAF from healthy volunteers versus NAF from women with breast cancer confirmed the overexpression of vitamin D-binding protein in tumor-bearing breasts.

Conclusion

ICAT tandem MS was able to identify and quantify differences in specific protein expression between NAF samples from tumor-bearing and disease-free breasts. Proteomic screening techniques using ICAT and NAF may be used to find markers for diagnosis of breast cancer.