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Characteristics of adults presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi – by plasma HIV load |
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| Characteristic1 |
HIV negative |
HIV positive* Plasma HIV Load (copies/mL) |
P-value** |
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| 0 |
≤ 133 200 |
133 200 – 406 000 |
> 406 000 |
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| n = 222 |
n = 185 |
n = 186 |
n = 186 |
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| Sex (% Female) |
45.9 |
63.2 |
58.1 |
55.9 |
0.07 |
| Age (years) |
33 ± 12 |
32 ± 12 |
33 ± 12 |
33 ± 12 |
0.01 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht2) |
18.6 ± 2.9 |
19.0 ± 2.6 |
18.3 ± 3.0 |
17.3 ± 2.7 |
0.0001 |
| Wasting:2 No, BMI ≥ 18.5 |
42.3 |
51.4 |
41.9 |
30.1 |
0.005 |
| Mild, BMI 17.0–18.49 (%) |
32.0 |
27.0 |
22.6 |
24.2 |
0.04 |
| Moderate, BMI 16.0–16.99 (%) |
13.1 |
10.3 |
17.2 |
18.8 |
0.04 |
| Severe, BMI <16.0 (%) |
12.6 |
11.4 |
18.3 |
26.9 |
0.001 |
| Retinol (μmol/L) |
0.636 (0.367, 1.104) |
0.603 (0.336, 1.085) |
0.585 (0.321, 1.066) |
0.522 (0.157, 1.738) |
0.001 |
| Vitamin A deficiency, retinol <0.70 μmol/L (%)3 |
58.6 |
57.3 |
64.0 |
66.7 |
0.05 |
| Total Carotenoids (μmol/L)4 |
0.846 (0.490, 1.459) |
0.795 (0.476, 1.329) |
0.700 (0.385, 1.279) |
0.509 (0.279, 0.929) |
0.0001 |
| α-tocopherol (μmol/L) |
15.18 (11.71, 19.65) |
14.90 (11.60, 19.16) |
15.66 (11.85, 20.71) |
16.07 (11.53, 22.40) |
0.02 |
| Vitamin E def., α-tocopherol <11.6 μmol/L (%)3 |
13.1 |
14.6 |
11.8 |
12.4 |
0.67 |
| Zinc (μmol/L) |
8.95 (7.01, 11.43) |
8.83 (6.94, 11.25) |
8.49 (6.44, 11.19) |
9.15 (6.47, 12.94) |
0.82 |
| Zinc deficiency, zinc <11.5 μmol/L (%)3 |
84.2 |
88.1 |
87.6 |
77.4 |
0.09 |
| Selenium (μmol/L) |
0.687 ± 0.23 |
0.664 ± 0.22 |
0.624 ± 0.22 |
0.559 ± 0.21 |
0.0001 |
| Selenium deficiency, selenium<0.89 μmol/L(%)3 |
79.7 |
84.9 |
90.3 |
92.5 |
0.001 |
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1 Mean ± SD for continues variables with normal distribution, geometric mean (lower, upper SD) when distribution was not normal 2 Grading based on WHO Expert report, reference 27. 3 Cut-offs based on reference 28. 4α-carotene + β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin + lycopene + lutein + zeaxanthin * HIV load could not be determined for 21 individuals. * *ANOVA, linear trend across the 4 categories of plasma HIV load. | |||||
van Lettow et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2004 4:61 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-4-61 |
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