Table 1 |
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Frailty latent classes by gender: cross-sectional correlates and mortality prediction. |
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Females (N = 15,578) |
Males (N = 12,783) |
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Non-frail (N = 10,420) |
Pre-frail (N = 4,025) |
Frail (N = 1,133) |
P value |
Age-adjusted P value |
Non-frail (N = 10,517) |
Pre-frail (N = 1,871) |
Frail (N = 395) |
P value |
Age-adjusted P value |
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Frailty phenotype: DFactor model |
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Exhaustion: yes (cp) |
0.21 |
0.51 |
0.81 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
0.17 |
0.47 |
0.80 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
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Weight loss: yes (cp) |
0.03 |
0.12 |
0.39 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
0.03 |
0.12 |
0.42 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
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Handgrip strength: mean (Kg) |
29.4 |
23.7 |
17.9 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
45.8 |
36.2 |
26.5 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
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Slowness: yes (cp) |
0.02 |
0.22 |
0.84 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
0.01 |
0.29 |
0.92 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
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Low activity: hardly ever, or never (cp) |
0.03 |
0.17 |
0.54 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
0.03 |
0.21 |
0.62 |
<0.001Ω |
<0.001Ω |
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Sociodemographic |
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Age: mean (SD) |
60.5 (9.4) |
66.7 (10.9) |
73.3 (11.0) |
<0.001# |
- |
62.6 (9.0) |
69.1 (10.4) |
74.0 (10.2) |
<0.001# |
- |
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Years of education: mean (SD) |
10.3 (4.2) |
8.2 (4.4) |
6.5 (4.4) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
10.9 (4.3) |
8.6 (4.7) |
7.8 (5.0) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Physical |
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Self-rated health (best:1; worst:5): mean (SD) |
2.7 (1.0) |
3.5 (0.9) |
4.2 (0.8) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
2.7 (1.0) |
3.7 (1.0) |
4.4 (0.7) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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No. chronic diseases: mean (SD) |
1.2 (1.2) |
2.1 (1.5) |
3.1 (1.8) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
1.2 (1.2) |
2.1 (1.5) |
2.9 (1.7) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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No. symptoms: mean (SD) |
1.2 (1.3) |
2.3 (1.8) |
3.9 (2.3) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
0.9 (1.1) |
2.0 (1.7) |
3.4 (2.1) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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No. contacts with doctor in last year: mean (SD) |
5.0 (7.1) |
9.4 (11.4) |
15.5 (17.0) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
4.9 (7.6) |
10.1 (12.4) |
17.5 (20.2) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Admitted to hospital in last year (%) |
7.9 |
16.5 |
30.0 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
10.4 |
23.5 |
36.7 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
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Functional |
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No. limitations with ADLs: mean (SD) |
0.0 (0.2) |
0.2 (0.7) |
1.1 (1.5) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
0.0 (0.3) |
0.3 (0.9) |
1.3 (1.7) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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No. limitations with IADLs: mean (SD) |
0.1 (0.3) |
0.5 (1.0) |
1.8 (1.8) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
0.1 (0.3) |
0.5 (1.1) |
1.9 (2.0) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Received home care: personal/nursing (%) |
1.9 |
5.9 |
18.6 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
1.6 |
6.8 |
17.2 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
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Received home care: domestic tasks (%) |
1.9 |
10.3 |
28.7 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
1.0 |
6.9 |
19.2 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
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Psychological and cognitive |
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EURO-D score (min: 0; max: 12) (SD) |
1.9 (1.8) |
3.7 (2.4) |
5.5 (2.6) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
1.4 (1.6) |
3.1 (2.3) |
5.2 (2.7) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Verbal fluency test score: mean (SD) |
20.2 (7.1) |
16.5 (6.7) |
13.1 (6.0) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
20.1 (7.1) |
15.9 (6.4) |
13.2 (5.7) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Delayed word recall score: mean (SD) |
3.9 (2.0) |
3.0 (2.0) |
1.9 (1.8) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
3.4 (1.9) |
2.5 (1.8) |
1.7 (1.6) |
<0.001# |
<0.001§ |
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Mortality at Wave 2 |
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% dead |
0.7 |
2.6 |
9.2 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
2.0 |
8.8 |
22.6 |
<0.001χ |
<0.001Δ |
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OR for mortality (95% CI) |
1.0 |
3.7 (2.5-5.3) |
14.2 (9.7-20.8) |
- |
- |
1.0 |
4.8 (3.7-6.2) |
14.6 (10.3-20.7) |
- |
- |
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Age-adjusted OR for mortality (95% CI) |
1.0 |
2.1 (1.4- 3.0) |
4.8 (3.1- 7.4) |
- |
- |
1.0 |
3.0 (2.3-4.0) |
6.9 (4.7-10.2) |
- |
- |
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cp: conditional probability (from the DFactor model profile output); SD: standard deviation; ADLs: (basic) activities of daily living; IADLs: instrumental activities of daily living; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Significant P values (<0.01) are indicated in bold. Ω Wald statistic; # two-tailed Spearman's rho test; § Partial correlation; χ Chi-squared for trend; Δ ordinal regression. |
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Romero-Ortuno et al. BMC Geriatrics 2010 10:57 doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-57 |
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