Table 1

Selected characteristics of included studies.


Number (%)

Study design

     Cross-sectional
1532 (69.5)
     Cohort
274 (12.4)
     Incidence/prevalence survey
220 (10.0)
     Controlled trial
52 (2.4)
     Census
22 (1.0)
     Others
104 (4.7)
Population characteristics

     Urban
375 (17.0)
     Rural
147 (6.7)
     Mixed
962 (43.6)
     Unknown
720 (32.7)
Characteristics of the setting

     National
414 (18.8)
     Provincial
288 (13.1)
     City-based
93 (4.2)
     Other
39 (1.8)
     Health facility-based
1370 (62.1)
Overall
2204

Gülmezoglu et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2004 4:16   doi:10.1186/1471-2288-4-16