Research article

Ancestral European roots of Helicobacter pylori in India

S Manjulata Devi^{* 1} , Irshad Ahmed^{* 2,3} , Paolo Francalacci⁴ , M Abid Hussain¹ , Yusuf Akhter¹ , Ayesha Alvi¹ , Leonardo A Sechi^5,6 , Francis Mégraud^5,7 and Niyaz Ahmed^1,5

¹Pathogen Evolution Group, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India

²Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India

³Department of Microbiology, Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce and Science (SGB Amravati University), Akola, MS, India

⁴Dipartimento di Zoologia e Genetica Evoluzionistica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

⁵ISOGEM Collaborative Network on Genetics of Helicobacters (The International Society for Genomic and Evolutionary Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy)

⁶Dipartimento de Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

⁷INSERM U853 and Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et Hélicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, France

author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally

BMC Genomics 2007, 8:184doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-184

Published:	20 June 2007

Abstract

Background

The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is co-evolved with its host and therefore, origins and expansion of multiple populations and sub populations of H. pylori mirror ancient human migrations. Ancestral origins of H. pylori in the vast Indian subcontinent are debatable. It is not clear how different waves of human migrations in South Asia shaped the population structure of H. pylori. We tried to address these issues through mapping genetic origins of present day H. pylori in India and their genomic comparison with hundreds of isolates from different geographic regions.

Results

We attempted to dissect genetic identity of strains by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the 7 housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, ureI, ppa, mutY, trpC, yphC) and phylogeographic analysis of haplotypes using MEGA and NETWORK software while incorporating DNA sequences and genotyping data of whole cag pathogenicity-islands (cagPAI). The distribution of cagPAI genes within these strains was analyzed by using PCR and the geographic type of cagA phosphorylation motif EPIYA was determined by gene sequencing. All the isolates analyzed revealed European ancestry and belonged to H. pylori sub-population, hpEurope. The cagPAI harbored by Indian strains revealed European features upon PCR based analysis and whole PAI sequencing.

Conclusion

These observations suggest that H. pylori strains in India share ancestral origins with their European counterparts. Further, non-existence of other sub-populations such as hpAfrica and hpEastAsia, at least in our collection of isolates, suggest that the hpEurope strains enjoyed a special fitness advantage in Indian stomachs to out-compete any endogenous strains. These results also might support hypotheses related to gene flow in India through Indo-Aryans and arrival of Neolithic practices and languages from the Fertile Crescent.