Figure 1.

Cytological karyotyping and life history of M. brunnea. (A) Life cycle of M. brunnea. Conidia are asexual spores. The appressorium is a specialized infection structure. (B) The symptoms of Marssonina leaf spot include many small orange-brown spots on infected leaves. (C) The hyphae of M .brunnea. (D) Conventional light microscopy of asci from M. brunnea, scale bars = 2 μm. It is obvious that three bivalents are visible in this figure during Metaphase. (E) Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of M. brunnea, scale bars = 1 μm. Specimens prepared by the germ tube burst method were stained with Giemsa. This picture shows the spread of one nucleus containing full metaphase chromosome complements. (F) The appressoria of M. brunnea was marked as the red cycle.