BMC Evolutionary Biology

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Two sisters in the same dress: Heliconius cryptic species

Nathalia Giraldo1, Camilo Salazar1,3, Chris D Jiggins2, Eldredge Bermingham3 and Mauricio Linares1*

Author Affiliations

1 Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18a – 70, P.O. Box 4976, Bogotá D.C, Colombia

2 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK

3 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá

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BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:324 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-324

Published: 28 November 2008

Additional files

Additional file 1:

Individuals used in phylogenetic analyses. Gene accession number and locality of alleles and individuals included in the phylogenetic analysis.

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Additional file 2:

Forewing size between H. cydno and H. melpomene. Wild individuals from Florencia and museum specimens of H. cydno and H. melpomene were measured for forewing area. Wings were scanned next to a ruler and processed in tpsUtil and tpsDig 9 image software to measure area. Tests for normal distribution were carried out for each species and a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by species and sex was performed in SPSS to test for differences in size. Tukey's post-hoc was used to compare median values between pairwise population sets. H. m. malleti did not differ in wing area from other H. melpomene races (ANOVA p > 0,05). H. cydno cognate wing area is similar to H. cydno races (ANOVA p > 0,05).

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Additional file 3:

Larvae colour dispersion index b' based on intensity and brightness of the head capsule. H. melpomene has a light dust cephalic tone with dark and broad bands, while H. cydno has a dark yellow-orange cephalic tone and light narrow bands. b' = b/(r+g+b) based on RGB filters using the procedure as in Endler et al. 1990. H. cydno races are: H. c. cordula, H. c. cydnides and H. c. zelinde and H. melpomene races are H. m. mocoa and H. m. vulcanus. Analysis of variance shows high differences between melpomene and cydno groups (H. melpomene and H. m. malleti vs. H. cydno and H. cydno cognate; p < 0,0001).

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Additional file 4:

Best cluster assignment. Magnitude of ΔK as a function of K (mean ± SD over 5 replicates), calculated using the procedure of Evanno et al. (2005). a) ΔK for Structure (Ln for K = 2:-4691,42) and b) ΔK for BAPS 4 (Ln for K = 2:-4987,95).

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