Figure 4.

Statistical parsimony network of mtDNA haplotypes of contemporary (black) and ancient (white) European wolves. Based on 57 bp sequences. The contemporary haplotypes come from published studies or GenBank (see Table S1 in Additional file 1), and the ancient haplotypes from Stiller et al. [24]. Three ancient haplotypes are identical to extant haplotypes (black and white). Thin dashed lines denote alternative mutational connections. Two thick dashed line rectangles denote haplogroups corresponding to clades 1 and 2 from Figure 1c.