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COVID-19 trial protocols

Research into COVID-19 is exploding, as it needs to, and this includes randomised trials.  Between 23rd of January and 8th March 2020 there were 382 registered COVID-19 trials. Almost all of those were in China but the virus is now global and trials will move with it.

Researchers need to know about these trials, and they need to know quickly.  

Trials are therefore implementing a new, simplified process for handling COVID-19 trial protocols which is must faster and much simpler for authors. Please visit trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/covid-19 for more information.

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  1. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of curcumin-piperine co-supplementation on disease duration, severity and clinical symptoms, and inflammatory mediators in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).

    Authors: Mahsa Miryan, Mohammad Bagherniya, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Davood Soleimani, Mohammad Hossein Rouhani, Bijan Iraj and Gholamreza Askari
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:1027
  2. SARS-Cov-2 virus preferentially binds to the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) on alveolar epithelial type II cells, initiating an inflammatory response and tissue damage which may impair surfactant synth...

    Authors: Ahilanandan Dushianthan, Howard Clark, Jens Madsen, Robin Mogg, Lewis Matthews, Lee Berry, Jorge Bernardino de la Serna, James Batchelor, David Brealey, Tracy Hussell, Joanna Porter, Ratko Djukanovic, Martin Feelisch, Anthony Postle and Michael P. W. Grocott
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:1014
  3. This interventional study will investigate the effect of daily use of a mindfulness app on measures of participant anxiety, well-being, and perceived outlook during the COVID-19 pandemic, by comparing pre-inte...

    Authors: Katherine T. O’Donnell, Melanie Dunbar and Diana L. Speelman
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:1006
  4. A severe epidemic of COVID-19 has broken out in China and has become a major global public health event. We focus on the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)-like changes and overactivation of Th17 cells...

    Authors: Panpan Liu, Zhijun Huang, Mingzhu Yin, Chun Liu, Xiang Chen, Pinhua Pan and Yehong Kuang
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:999
  5. This study aims to assess the effect of propolis supplementation on clinical symptoms in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).

    Authors: Mahsa Miryan, Davood Soleimani, Leila Dehghani, Karim Sohrabi, Farzin Khorvash, Mohammad Bagherniya, Sayed Mazaher Sayedi and Gholamreza Askari
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:996
  6. Patients with diabetes are - compared to people without diabetes - at increased risk of worse outcomes from COVID-19 related pneumonia during hospitalization. We aim to investigate whether telemetric continuou...

    Authors: Carina Kirstine Klarskov, Birgitte Lindegaard, Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard and Peter Lommer Kristensen
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:968
  7. To assess the efficacy of ivermectin in addition to standard treatment compared to standard treatment alone in reducing hospitalizations in the COVID-19 patient population.

    Authors: Julio Vallejos, Rodrigo Zoni, Maria Bangher, Silvina Villamandos, Angelina Bobadilla, Fabian Plano, Claudia Campias, Evangelina Chaparro Campias, Fernando Achinelli, Hector A. Guglielmone, Jorge Ojeda, Fernanda Medina, Diego Farizano Salazar, Gerardo Andino, Natalia E. Ruiz Diaz, Pablo Kawerin…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:965
  8. To evaluate a therapeutic role for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection

    Authors: David Lerner, Katherine Garvey, Annie Arrighi-Allisan, Andrey Filimonov, Peter Filip, Katherine Liu, Sen Ninan, Madeleine Schaberg, Patrick Colley, Anthony Del Signore, Satish Govindaraj and Alfred Marc Iloreta
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:942
  9. 1. To compare the effectiveness of four different surveillance strategies in detecting COVID-19 within the homeless shelter population.

    Authors: Timothy O’Shea, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Vaibhav Mokashi, David Bulir, Jodi Gilchrist, Nicole Smieja, Sylvia Chong, Sarah Marttala, Valentina Vera, Anna Cvetkovic and Marek Smieja
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:941
  10. To assess the effect of prone positioning therapy on intubation rate in awake patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure.

    Authors: Miguel Á. Ibarra-Estrada, Miguel Marín-Rosales, Roxana García-Salcido, Sara A. Aguirre-Díaz, Alexandra Vargas-Obieta, Quetzalcóatl Chávez-Peña, José A. López-Pulgarín, Julio C. Mijangos-Méndez and Guadalupe Aguirre-Avalos
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:940
  11. The GETAFIX trial will test the hypothesis that favipiravir is a more effective treatment for COVID-19 infection in patients who have early stage disease, compared to current standard of care. This study will ...

    Authors: Catherine R. Hanna, Kevin G. Blyth, Glenn Burley, Samantha Carmichael, Carol Evans, Samantha Hinsley, Ibrahim Khadra, Saye Khoo, Liz-Anne Lewsley, Robert R. Jones, Raman Sharma, Andrea Taladriz-Sender, Emma C. Thomson and Janet T. Scott
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:935
  12. Zilucoplan (complement C5 inhibitor) has profound effects on inhibiting acute lung injury post COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms that lead to improvement in lung oxygenation parameters. The purp...

    Authors: Jozefien Declercq, Cedric Bosteels, Karel Van Damme, Elisabeth De Leeuw, Bastiaan Maes, Ans Vandecauter, Stefanie Vermeersch, Anja Delporte, Bénédicte Demeyere, Marnik Vuylsteke, Marianna Lalla, Trevor Smart, Laurent Detalle, René Bouw, Johannes Streffer, Thibo Degeeter…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:934
  13. Primary Objective: To determine the feasibility of delivering a protocolised, remote, online, Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention, within 12-weeks of hospital discharge, for adult su...

    Authors: Andrew Bates, Sophie Rushbrook, Elan Shapiro, Michael Grocott and Rebecca Cusack
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:929
  14. The primary objective is to test if heparin added to a standard regional anticoagulation protocol based on citrate is able to reduce dialysis circuit losses by clotting without increasing the risk of thrombocy...

    Authors: Paulo Ricardo Gessolo Lins, Claudia Coimbra César de Albuquerque, Camila Fernandes Assis, Bruna Cristine Duarte Rodrigues, Beatriz Pinto e Siqueira Campos, Eduardo de Oliveira Valle, Carla Paulina Sandoval Cabrera, Jeison de Oliveira Gois, Gabriela Cardoso Segura, Fernando Louzada Strufaldi, Lorena Catelan Mainardes, Rayra Gomes Ribeiro, Daniela Del Pilar Via Reque Cortes, Luciana Gil Lutf, Márcia Fernanda Arantes de Oliveira, Gabriel Teixeira Montezuma Sales…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:920
  15. Assessing the effect of surfactant on clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation

    Authors: Ali Dabbagh, Samira Rajaei, Mehdi Ghahremani, Mohammad Fathi, Nilofar Massoudi, Sasan Tavana, Kamal Fani, Navid Nooraee, Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Sara Besharat, Arash Najafi Abrandabadi, Ali Pirsalehi and Mohammad Ali Khabiri Khatiri
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:919
  16. - To describe the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load of patients infected with Covid-19, performing 7 days of tri-daily mouthwashes with and without antivirals.

    Authors: Florence Carrouel, Stéphane Viennot, Martine Valette, Jean-Marie Cohen, Claude Dussart and Denis Bourgeois
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:906
  17. The aim of this trial is to investigate the safety and clinical efficacy of passive immunization therapy through Hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 Intravenous Immunoglobulin (C-IVIG: 5% liquid formulation), on severe ...

    Authors: Shaukat Ali, Shobha Luxmi, Fatima Anjum, Sheikh Muhammad Muhaymin, Syed Muneeb Uddin, Ayesha Ali, Mir Rashid Ali, Sohaib Tauheed, Mujtaba Khan, Mohsin Bajwa, Saif Ullah Baig, Elisha Shalim, Iqra Ahmed, Abdul Samad Khan and Saeed Quraishy
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:905
  18. The selected combination was based on limited evidence clinically and in vitro on the efficacy of the Favipiravir and Hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2. The two medications were listed in many guidelines as tre...

    Authors: Mohammad Bosaeed, Ebrahim Mahmoud, Mohammad Hussein, Ahmad Alharbi, Abdulrahman Alsaedy, Adel Alothman, Majed Aljeraisy, Hajar Alqahtani, Marwan Nashabat, Badriah Almutairi, Manar Almaghaslah, Omar Aldibasi, Sameera AlJohani, Abderrezak Bouchama, Yaseen Arabi and Ahmad Alaskar
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:904
  19. To assess the impact of adding statin (atorvastatin) and/or aspirin on clinical deterioration in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who require hospitalisation. The safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients wi...

    Authors: Nirmal Ghati, Ambuj Roy, Sushma Bhatnagar, Sumit Bhati, Sudha Bhushan, Manjit Mahendran, Abhishek Thakur, Pawan Tiwari, Tanima Dwivedi, Kalaivani Mani, Ritu Gupta, Anant Mohan, Rakesh Garg, Anita Saxena, Randeep Guleria and Siddharthan Deepti
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:902
  20. Primary Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral administration of imatinib combined with the Best Conventional Care (BCC) versus placebo plus BCC in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

    Authors: Ashkan Emadi, Joel V. Chua, Rohit Talwani, Søren M. Bentzen and John Baddley
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:897
  21. The primary objectives of this study are to determine efficacy of Siddha medicine, Kabasura kudineer in reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and reducing the onset of symptoms in asymptomatic COVID-19 when compared...

    Authors: S. Natarajan, C. Anbarasi, P. Sathiyarajeswaran, P. Manickam, S. Geetha, R. Kathiravan, P. Prathiba, M. Pitchiahkumar, P. Parthiban, K. Kanakavalli and P. Balaji
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:892
  22. In this study, we investigate the effect of boron-containing compounds and oleoylethanolamide supplementation on the recovery trend in patients with COVID-19.

    Authors: Helda Tutunchi, Majid Mobasseri, Samira Pourmoradian, Hamid Soleimanzadeh, Behnam Kafil, Neda Akbari, Alireza Monshikarimi and Alireza Ostadrahimi
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:890
  23. We will evaluate the efficacy and safety of favipiravir and interferon beta-1a compared to lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon beta-1a in patients with confirmed COVID-19, who are moderately ill.

    Authors: Mehdi Hassaniazad, Ali Bazram, Soheil Hassanipour and Mohammad Fathalipour
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:886
  24. General: To assess the safety, efficacy and dose response of convalescent plasma (CP) transfusion in severe COVID-19 patients

    Authors: Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Ashraful Hoque, Forhad Uddin Hasan Chowdhury, Md. Ruhul Amin, Abdur Rahim, M. Mujibur Rahman, Rubina Yasmin, Md. Robed Amin, Md. Titu Miah, Md. Abul Kalam and Md. Sayedur Rahman
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:883
  25. We will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Melatonin, compared to the standard therapeutic regimen on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory parameters in patients with confirmed COVID-19, who are moderatel...

    Authors: Ava Ziaei, Parivash Davoodian, Habib Dadvand, Omid Safa, Soheil Hassanipour, Mahmoud Omidi, Moein Masjedi, Fahime Mahmoudikia, Bahareh Rafiee and Mohammad Fathalipour
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:882
  26. The BCG vaccine, widely used in Brazil in new-borns, induces adjuvant protection for several diseases, including childhood virus infections. BCG activates monocytes and innate memory NK cells which are crucial...

    Authors: Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis, Laura Raniere Borges dos Anjos, Lília Cristina de Souza Barbosa, Adeliane Castro da Costa, Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges, Amanda da Rocha Oliveira Cardoso, Kaio Mota Ribeiro, Sarah Brena Aparecida Rosa, Carine de Castro Souza, Rogério Coutinho das Neves, Guylherme Saraiva, Sueli Meira da Silva, Erika Aparecida Silveira, Marcelo Fouad Rabahi, Marcus Barreto Conte and André Kipnis
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:881

    The Correction to this article has been published in Trials 2020 21:967

  27. We will investigate the effectiveness of high dose Interferon Beta 1a, compared to low dose Interferon Beta 1a (the base therapeutic regimen) in COVID-19 Confirmed Cases (Either RT-PCR or CT Scan Confirmed) wi...

    Authors: Ilad Alavi Darazam, Firouze Hatami, Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei, Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi, Omid Moradi, Shervin Shokouhi, Mohammad Reza Hajesmaeili, Minoosh Shabani and Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:880
  28. To investigates the effectiveness of curcumin-containing Nanomicelles as a therapeutic supplement in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and its effect on immune responses balance changes following treatment.

    Authors: Mehdi Hassaniazad, Behnaz Rahnama Inchehsablagh, Hossein Kamali, Abdolali Tousi, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Mahmoud Reza Jaafari, Mohammad Fathalipour, Sara Nikoofal-Sahlabadi, Hamed Gouklani, Hesam Alizade and Amin Reza Nikpoor
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:876
  29. The primary objective is to demonstrate that COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) prevents progression to severe pneumonia in elderly COVID-19 pneumonia patients with chronic comorbidities.

    Authors: Luciana Teofili, Raffaele Landolfi, Antonella Cingolani, Andrea Antinori, Jacopo Vecchiet, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Antonio Gasbarrini, Tina Pasciuto, Nicoletta Orlando and Silvia Lamonica
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:875
  30. 1. To compare the safety and efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine with Ribavirin and standard treatment in patients with non-severe COVID-19 infection

    Authors: Prasan Kumar Panda, Arkapal Bandyopadhyay, Budha Charan Singh, Bikram Moirangthem, Gaurav Chikara, Sarama Saha and Yogesh Arvind Bahurupi
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:866
  31. To evaluate the efficacy of two doses of the adsorbed vaccine COVID-19 (inactivated) produced by Sinovac in symptomatic individuals, with virological confirmation of COVID-19, two weeks after the completion of...

    Authors: Ricardo Palacios, Elizabeth González Patiño, Roberta de Oliveira Piorelli, Monica Tilli Reis Pessoa Conde, Ana Paula Batista, Gang Zeng, Qianqian Xin, Esper G. Kallas, Jorge Flores, Christian F. Ockenhouse and Christopher Gast
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:853
  32. Primary objective: To determine the efficacy of a candidate antiviral on time to virological cure compared to standard of care within 14 days of randomisation

    Authors: James H. McMahon, Jillian S. Y. Lau, Janine Roney, Benjamin A. Rogers, Jason Trubiano, Joseph Sasadeusz, James S. Molton, Bradley Gardiner, Sue J. Lee, Jennifer F. Hoy, Allen Cheng and Anton Y. Peleg
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:847
  33. To assess the efficacy of several repurposed drugs to prevent hospitalisation or death in patients aged 65 or more with recent symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and no criteria for hospitalisation.

    Authors: Alexandre Duvignaud, Edouard Lhomme, Thierry Pistone, Racha Onaisi, Rémi Sitta, Valérie Journot, Duc Nguyen, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Antoine Crémer, Stéphane Bouchet, Thomas Darnaud, Delphine Poitrenaud, Lionel Piroth, Christine Binquet, Jean-François Michel, Benjamin Lefèvre…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:846
  34. We investigate the effects of Ginger, compared to the usual therapeutic regimen on clinical manifestations and paraclinical features in patients with confirmed COVID-19 that are moderately ill.

    Authors: Omid Safa, Mehdi Hassaniazad, Mehdi Farashahinejad, Parivash Davoodian, Habib Dadvand, Soheil Hassanipour and Mohammad Fathalipour
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:841
  35. Primary objectives

    Authors: Maike Janssen, Ulrike Schäkel, Carine Djuka Fokou, Johannes Krisam, Jacek Stermann, Katharina Kriegsmann, Isabella Haberbosch, Jan Philipp Novotny, Stefan Weber, Maria Vehreschild, Martin Bornhäuser, Lars Bullinger, Michael Schmitt, Tobias Liebregts, Peter Dreger, Hanns-Martin Lorenz…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:828
  36. We aimed to test our hypothesis that additional administration of traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, kakkonto (kakkon-to: KT) and shosaikotokakikyosekko (sho-saiko-to-ka-kikyo-sekko: SSKKS), is more effect...

    Authors: Shin Takayama, Takao Namiki, Takashi Ito, Ryutaro Arita, Hajime Nakae, Seiichi Kobayashi, Tetsuhiro Yoshino, Tomoaki Ishigami, Koichiro Tanaka, Mosaburo Kainuma, Kotaro Nochioka, Airi Takagi, Masaru Mimura, Takuhiro Yamaguchi and Tadashi Ishii
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:827
  37. Objectives: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis is associated with non- specific protective effects against other infections, and significant reductions in all-cause morbidity and morta...

    Authors: Anne Marie Rosendahl Madsen, Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer, Thomas Benfield, Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen, Lars Skov Dalgaard, Christine Dam, Sisse Bolm Ditlev, Gulia Faizi, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Poul-Erik Kofoed, Gitte Schultz Kristensen, Ellen Christine Leth Loekkegaard, Christian Backer Mogensen, Libin Mohamed, Anne Ostenfeld, Emilie Sundhaugen Oedegaard…
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:799
  38. In some patients, acute, life-threatening respiratory injury produced by viruses such as SARS-CoV and other viral pneumonia are associated with an over-exuberant cytokine release. Elevated levels of blood IL-6...

    Authors: Antonio F. Caballero Bermejo, Belén Ruiz-Antorán, Ana Fernández Cruz, Elena Diago Sempere, Alejandro Callejas Díaz, Elena Múñez Rubio, Cristina Avendaño-Solá, Antonio Ramos Martínez and Aránzazu Sancho López
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:794
  39. We investigate the effects of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root extract, an anti-inflammatory natural medicine, compared to the usual therapeutic regimen on clinical symptoms and laboratory signs in patients ...

    Authors: Omid Safa, Mehdi Hassani-Azad, Mehdi Farashahinejad, Parivash Davoodian, Habib Dadvand, Soheil Hassanipour and Mohammad Fathalipour
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:790
  40. 1- To compare the effectiveness of 1% Hydrogen peroxide, 0.2% Povidone-Iodine, 2% hypertonic saline and a novel solution Neem extract (Azardirachta indica) in reducing intra-oral viral load in COVID-19 positive p...

    Authors: Farhan Raza Khan, Syed Murtaza Raza Kazmi, Najeeha Talat Iqbal, Junaid Iqbal, Syed Tariq Ali and Syed Akbar Abbas
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:785
  41. This study aims to demonstrate the positive effects on oxygenation of flow-controlled ventilation compared to conventionally ventilated patients in patients suffering from Acute respiratory distress syndrome (...

    Authors: Stefan Roehrig, Ali Ait Hssain, Nabil Al Hamid Shallik, Ingi Mohamed A. Elsaid, Salma Faisal Mustafa, Osama A. M. Smain, Ashraf Abdulla Molokhia and Marcus D. Lance
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:781
  42. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of sarilumab, in subcutaneous administration, in hospitalised patients with moderate to early severe COVID-19 infection compared to the cu...

    Authors: Rosario Garcia-Vicuña, Francisco Abad-Santos, Isidoro González-Alvaro, Francisco Ramos-Lima and Jesús Sanz Sanz
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:772
  43. The OVID study will demonstrate whether prophylactic-dose enoxaparin improves survival and reduces hospitalizations in symptomatic ambulatory patients aged 50 or older diagnosed with COVID-19, a novel viral di...

    Authors: Stefano Barco, Roland Bingisser, Giuseppe Colucci, André Frenk, Bernhard Gerber, Ulrike Held, Francois Mach, Lucia Mazzolai, Marc Righini, Thomas Rosemann, Tim Sebastian, Rebecca Spescha, Stefan Stortecky, Stephan Windecker and Nils Kucher
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:770
  44. To assess the effect of anticoagulation with bivalirudin administered intravenously on gas-exchange in patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure using invasive mechanical ventilation.

    Authors: Nadir Kharma, Stefan Roehrig, Ahmed Atef Shible, Moustafa Sayed Elshafei, Dema Osman, Ingi Mohamed Elsaid, Salma Faisal Mustafa, Asjad Aldabi, Osamah A.M. Smain and Marcus D. Lance
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:769
  45. To investigate the potential efficacy of Acacia Senegal extract Gum Arabic (GA) supplementation as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory dietary intervention among newly diagnosed COVID 19 Sudanese patients. ...

    Authors: Lamis Kaddam, Rasha Babiker, Sara Ali, Shahinaz Satti, Nour Ali, Maha Elamin, Mowaia Mukhtar, Mustafa Elnimeiri and Amal Saeed
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:766
  46. Tocilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody which targets and inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) and has demonstrated efficacy in treating diseases associated with hyper-inflammation. Data are suggestive of toci...

    Authors: Aoife Cotter, Deborah Wallace, Cormac McCarthy, Eoin Feeney, Lorraine O’Neill, John Stack, Geraldine McCarthy, Rabia Hussain, Elena Alvarez Barco, Peter Doran and Patrick Mallon
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:758
  47. To evaluate the effect of the combination of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and standard personal protective equipment (PPE) compared to the use of standard personal protective equipment alone on the proportion of l...

    Authors: Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Vivekanand Jha, Dorrilyn Rajbhandari, Sheila Nainan Myatra, Oommen John, Arpita Ghosh, Abhinav Bassi, Sumaiya Arfin, Mallikarjuna Kunigari, Rohina Joshi, Lachlan Donaldson, Naomi Hammond and Balasubramanian Venkatesh
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:754
  48. To investigate the effect of continuous infusion of the potential endothelial cytoprotective agent prostacyclin (Iloprost) 1 ng/kg/min vs. placebo for 72 hours on pulmonary endotheliopathy in mechanically vent...

    Authors: Pär Ingemar Johansson, Morten Bestle, Peter Søe-Jensen, Klaus Tjelle Kristiansen, Jakob Stensballe, Niels Erikstrup Clausen and Anders Perner
    Citation: Trials 2020 21:746