Commentaries

Genomic screening and genomic diagnostic testing—two very different kettles of fish

Genomic testing can be misunderstood as being determinative, when in reality it is the same as all other tests and context is essential for its correct interpretation. Two hypothetical cases of testing for Mar...

Authors: Leslie G. Biesecker

Is ‘likely pathogenic’ really 90% likely? Reclassification data in ClinVar

In 2015, professional guidelines defined the term ‘likely pathogenic’ to mean with a 90% chance of pathogenicity. To determine whether current practice reflects this definition, ClinVar classifications were tr...

Authors: Steven M. Harrison and Heidi L. Rehm

Genetic underpinnings of recovery after stroke: an opportunity for gene discovery, risk stratification, and precision medicine

As the number of stroke survivors continues to increase, identification of therapeutic targets for stroke recovery has become a priority in stroke genomics research. The introduction of high-throughput genotyp...

Authors: Julián N. Acosta, Stacy C. Brown and Guido J. Falcone

The relationship between insomnia and complex diseases—insights from genetic data

Insomnia is a common condition whose pathophysiology is poorly understood. Large genetic studies have provided insights into the etiology of insomnia, highlighting biological pathways that are shared with othe...

Authors: Enda M. Byrne

Advancing cancer immunotherapy: a vision for the field

Authors: Noel F. C. C. de Miranda and Zlatko Trajanoski

The good, the bad, and the ugly: hyperprogression in cancer patients following immune checkpoint therapy

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy can elicit robust and durable responses in a variety of cancer types. While many patients do not respond, recent reports highlight a distinct group of patients whose tumors u...

Authors: Erich Sabio and Timothy A. Chan

Radiation therapy and anti-tumor immunity: exposing immunogenic mutations to the immune system

The expression of antigens that are recognized by self-reactive T cells is essential for immune-mediated tumor rejection by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Growing evidence suggests that mutation-ass...

Authors: Claire Lhuillier, Nils-Petter Rudqvist, Olivier Elemento, Silvia C. Formenti and Sandra Demaria

Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade: using germline genetics to develop a personalized approach

Personalized care of cancer patients undergoing treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors will require approaches that can predict their susceptibility to immune-related adverse events. Understanding the rol...

Authors: Zia Khan, Christian Hammer, Ellie Guardino, G. Scott Chandler and Matthew L. Albert

Somatic mutation and clonal expansions in human tissues

Recent sequencing studies on healthy skin and esophagus have found that, as we age, these tissues become colonized by mutant clones of cells carrying driver mutations in traditional cancer genes. This comment ...

Authors: Inigo Martincorena

Dissecting lung development and fibrosis at single-cell resolution

Single-cell transcriptome profiling has enabled high-resolution analysis of cellular populations in tissues during development, health, and disease. Recent studies make innovative use of single-cell RNA sequen...

Authors: Donna L. Farber and Peter A. Sims

Points-to-consider on the return of results in epigenetic research

As epigenetic studies become more common and lead to new insights into health and disease, the return of individual epigenetic results to research participants, in particular in large-scale epigenomic studies,...

Authors: Stephanie O. M. Dyke, Katie M. Saulnier, Charles Dupras, Amy P. Webster, Karen Maschke, Mark Rothstein, Reiner Siebert, Jörn Walter, Stephan Beck, Tomi Pastinen and Yann Joly

Discovery and characterization of actionable tumor antigens

The nature of the tumor antigens that are detectable by T cells remains unclear. In melanoma, T cells were shown to react against major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated peptides (MAPs) that are deri...

Authors: Grégory Ehx and Claude Perreault

Designing circulating tumor DNA-based interventional clinical trials in oncology

Circulating tumor (ct) DNA is a powerful tool that can be used to track cancer beyond a single snapshot in space and time. It has potential applications in detecting minimal residual disease and predicting rel...

Authors: Daniel V. Araujo, Scott V. Bratman and Lillian L. Siu

Circular RNAs as promising biomarkers in cancer: detection, function, and beyond

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are 3′–5′ covalently closed RNA rings produced from back-splicing of precursor mRNA in eukaryotes. Recent studies, using both computational and experimental approaches, have allowed ad...

Authors: Shengli Li and Leng Han

A decade of Genome Medicine: toward precision medicine

Authors: Rabia Begum

Translating genomic medicine to the clinic: challenges and opportunities

Genomic medicine has considerable potential to provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for patients who have molecularly complex diseases and who are not responding to existing therapies. To bridge ...

Authors: Huan Zhang, Lars Klareskog, Andreas Matussek, Stefan M. Pfister and Mikael Benson

Ten years of Genome Medicine

Authors: Charles Auffray, Julian L. Griffin, Muin J. Khoury, James R. Lupski and Matthias Schwab

From genome integrity to cancer

Authors: Serena Nik-Zainal

Mechanisms of PARP inhibitor resistance in cancer and insights into the DNA damage response

Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARPi) have entered the clinic for the treatment of patients with cancers that lack homology-directed DNA repair, but drug resistance remains a clinical hurdle. Recen...

Authors: Paola Francica and Sven Rottenberg

Emerging evidence linking the gut microbiome to neurologic disorders

The gut microbiome contributes to the development and function of the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. Furthermore, commensal bacteria modulate symptoms and pathology in mouse models of neuropsychiatric...

Authors: Jessica A. Griffiths and Sarkis K. Mazmanian

An integrative approach for building personalized gene regulatory networks for precision medicine

Only a small fraction of patients respond to the drug prescribed to treat their disease, which means that most are at risk of unnecessary exposure to side effects through ineffective drugs. This inter-individu...

Authors: Monique G. P. van der Wijst, Dylan H. de Vries, Harm Brugge, Harm-Jan Westra and Lude Franke

Inactivation of DNA repair—prospects for boosting cancer immune surveillance

The emergence of drug resistance depends on the ability of the genome of cancer cells to constantly mutate and evolve under selective pressures. The generation of new mutations is accelerated when genes involv...

Authors: Anna Truini, Giovanni Germano and Alberto Bardelli

The ins and outs of telomere crisis in cancer

Telomere crisis is linked with many of the genomic alterations found in cancer genomes. A new understanding of how these alterations arise points towards an active role for innate immune sensors during crisis ...

Authors: Patrick von Morgen and John Maciejowski

Early life immunity in the era of systems biology: understanding development and disease

Systems immunology has the potential to offer invaluable insights into the development of the immune system. Two recent studies offer an in-depth view of both the dynamics of immune system development and the ...

Authors: Steven Schaffert and Purvesh Khatri

Acquired mechanisms of immune escape in cancer following immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of numerous cancers; however, a substantial proportion that initially respond subsequently acquire means of immune escape and relapse. Analysis of recent clinica...

Authors: J. Bryan Iorgulescu, David Braun, Giacomo Oliveira, Derin B. Keskin and Catherine J. Wu

Recent advances in immunotherapies: from infection and autoimmunity, to cancer, and back again

For at least 300 years the immune system has been targeted to improve human health. Decades of work advancing immunotherapies against infection and autoimmunity paved the way for the current explosion in cance...

Authors: Samantha L. Bucktrout, Jeffrey A. Bluestone and Fred Ramsdell

Targeting the microbiome: from probiotics to fecal microbiota transplantation

The modern techniques of microbiome science can be applied to the development and evaluation of all microbiota-directed products, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Authors: Alexander Khoruts

Infection and immunity: insights and therapeutic strategies through genomic analysis of the host, pathogen, and host–pathogen interaction

Authors: Julia Simundza

p53 activation: a checkpoint for precision genome editing?

Recent work has reported that the activation of the p53 pathway in primary cells hampers the efficiency of genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 via induction of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. These findings highligh...

Authors: Anastasia Conti and Raffaella Di Micco

Causality in dietary interventions—building a case for gut microbiota

We provide a conceptual framework to establish a causal link between diet, gut microbiota, and health. Identifying the key strains that mediate microbe–host interactions and understanding the mechanisms involv...

Authors: Yan Y. Lam, Chenhong Zhang and Liping Zhao

Genomic surveillance of avian-origin influenza A viruses causing human disease

Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a threat to global health because of their sporadic zoonotic transmission and potential to cause pandemics. Genomic surveillance of AIVs has become a powerful, cost-effect...

Authors: Tommy T. Lam and Oliver G. Pybus

Developing Zika vaccines: the lessons for disease X

There is an urgent need to develop vaccines against emerging diseases, including those caused by pathogens that are currently unknown to cause human disease, termed ‘disease X’. Here, Zika virus infection is c...

Authors: Alan D. T. Barrett

Antifungal immune responses: emerging host–pathogen interactions and translational implications

Understanding the complex and highly dynamic interactions between fungi and host cells in a tissue-specific manner is crucial to facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to infections. Here, we...

Authors: Vinod Kumar, Frank L. van de Veerdonk and Mihai G. Netea

Beating the odds: programming proliferation in the mammalian heart

The heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the human body; adult cardiac myocytes divide at extremely low frequency. Therefore, meaningful induction of cardiac regeneration requires in-depth understa...

Authors: Rajan Jain, Andrey Poleshko and Jonathan A. Epstein

Pathogen detection in the CRISPR–Cas era

CRISPR–Cas systems have provided revolutionary tools for genome editing. The discovery of Cas proteins with alternative activities has now enabled sensitive and robust tools for detecting nucleic acids. Recent...

Authors: Dipali G. Sashital

New additions to the cancer precision medicine toolkit

New computational and database-driven tools are emerging to aid in the interpretation of cancer genomic data as its use becomes more common in clinical evidence-based cancer medicine. Two such open source tool...

Authors: Elaine R. Mardis

The emerging roles of exosomes in the modulation of immune responses in cancer

Exosomes are promising tools for improving cancer care, but conversely may also contribute to tumor progression. Here, we highlight recently discovered roles of exosomes in modulating immune responses in cance...

Authors: Paul Kurywchak, Jena Tavormina and Raghu Kalluri

Detection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions in skin: implications for healthcare

Evidence has recently been reported of prion seeding activity in skin tissue from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). This is relevant information for infection control measures during sur...

Authors: Akin Nihat and Simon Mead

Advances in liquid biopsy approaches for early detection and monitoring of cancer

Progress in sensitive analytical approaches has opened new avenues for the detection of cells or products such as circulating cell-free DNA released by tumors. These ‘liquid biopsies’ are being explored in cli...

Authors: Anna Babayan and Klaus Pantel

The microbiome in precision medicine: the way forward

Novel associations between the human microbiome and health and disease are routinely emerging, and important host–microbiome interactions are targets for new diagnostics and therapeutics. Understanding how bro...

Authors: Joseph F. Petrosino

Endophenotypes in psychiatric disease: prospects and challenges

Endophenotypes, quantitative neurobehavioral traits that index genetic susceptibility for a psychiatric disorder, have been examined in thousands of studies. Nevertheless, they have underexploited potential to...

Authors: William G. Iacono

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (receptor) antibodies: an exciting avenue for migraine treatment

Specific prophylactic migraine treatments are urgently needed because of the unmet needs of many migraine patients. Antibodies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor have recently sho...

Authors: Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink, Gisela M. Terwindt and Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg

Synaptic dysfunction in complex psychiatric disorders: from genetics to mechanisms

Breakthroughs on many fronts have provided strong evidence to support synaptic dysfunction as a causal factor for neuropsychiatric diseases. Genetic studies have identified variants implicated in novel biologi...

Authors: Xinyuan Wang, Kimberly M. Christian, Hongjun Song and Guo-li Ming

Modeling psychiatric disorders using patient stem cell-derived neurons: a way forward

Our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders remains limited, and biomarker-based clinical management is yet to be developed. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has revolutionize...

Authors: Krishna C. Vadodaria, Debha N. Amatya, Maria C. Marchetto and Fred H. Gage

Mapping genetic variations to three-dimensional protein structures to enhance variant interpretation: a proposed framework

The translation of personal genomics to precision medicine depends on the accurate interpretation of the multitude of genetic variants observed for each individual. However, even when genetic variants are pred...

Authors: Gustavo Glusman, Peter W. Rose, Andreas Prlić, Jennifer Dougherty, José M. Duarte, Andrew S. Hoffman, Geoffrey J. Barton, Emøke Bendixen, Timothy Bergquist, Christian Bock, Elizabeth Brunk, Marija Buljan, Stephen K. Burley, Binghuang Cai, Hannah Carter, JianJiong Gao…

Narrowing the spectrum: the new frontier of precision antimicrobials

Antibiotics have become the standard of care for bacterial infections. However, rising rates of antibiotic-resistant infections are outpacing the development of new antimicrobials. Broad-spectrum antibiotics a...

Authors: Alexandra E. Paharik, Henry L. Schreiber IV, Caitlin N. Spaulding, Karen W. Dodson and Scott J. Hultgren

Emerging mechanisms and novel targets in allergic inflammation and asthma

Airway inflammation is key to the severity and persistence of asthma. Recent studies have revealed novel immune mechanisms that target dendritic cells, T helper 2 cytokines, regulatory T cells, and type 2 inna...

Authors: Scott T. Weiss

Prospects for using risk scores in polygenic medicine

Genome-wide association studies have made strides in identifying common variation associated with disease. The modest effect sizes preclude risk prediction based on single genetic variants, but polygenic risk ...

Authors: Cathryn M. Lewis and Evangelos Vassos

Key challenges in bringing CRISPR-mediated somatic cell therapy into the clinic

Genome editing using clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins offers the potential to facilitate safe and effective treatment of genetic diseases refra...

Authors: Dianne Nicol, Lisa Eckstein, Michael Morrison, Jacob S. Sherkow, Margaret Otlowski, Tess Whitton, Tania Bubela, Kathryn P. Burdon, Don Chalmers, Sarah Chan, Jac Charlesworth, Christine Critchley, Merlin Crossley, Sheryl de Lacey, Joanne L. Dickinson, Alex W. Hewitt…

Genetic and epigenetic studies of adiposity and cardiometabolic disease

Over 300 million adults are obese, but little is known about the impact of obesity on cardiovascular health. We discuss recent genetic and epigenetic studies of adiposity that indicate a causal role for genera...

Authors: Michael V. Holmes, Sara L. Pulit and Cecilia M. Lindgren