Determining the effective dose of esketamine for mitigating pain during propofol injection by Dixon’s up-and-down method: a double-blind, prospective clinical study of drug dose response
Propofol is an intravenous (IV) anesthetic medication widely used for procedural sedation, operative anesthesia, and in intensive care unit (ICU), but the incidence of pain during IV infusion can reach 28–90%....