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Advances in Sports Nutrition, Exercise and Medicine

Guest Editor: Mr Mike Carmont, Princess Royal Hospital, Telford Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield

Collection published: 19 July 2012

Last updated: 3 January 2013

The field of sports medicine encompasses a wide variety of disciplines, from orthopaedics and physiotherapy, to psychiatry and public health. It seeks not only to improve levels of physical fitness and performance, but also aims to further advance the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Progression in this field of medicine is greatly anticipated.

This article collection is a cross-journal collaboration covering recent advances in sports medicine that have both broad interest and high clinical relevance to athletes, physicians, general practitioners, sports and exercise medicine specialists as well as sport nutritionists, and may also have wider implications.

We are now seeking submissions of original research, in-depth reviews, opinions and debates offering novel insights into the clinical utility of all aspects of sports medicine.

Articles for inclusion will be published in a participating journal. These are BMC Medicine, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, SMARTT, Harm Reduction Journal and Extreme Physiology & Medicine. If you would like your work to be considered, please send a presubmission enquiry to bmcmedicineeditorial@biomedcentral.com (please indicate which Journal you are enquiring about).

		Review International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks Bill Campbell, Colin Wilborn, Paul La Bounty, Lem Taylor, Mike T Nelson, Mike Greenwood, Tim N Ziegenfuss, Hector L Lopez, Jay R Hoffman, Jeffrey R Stout, Stephen Schmitz, Rick Collins, Doug S Kalman, Jose Antonio, Richard B Kreider Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2013, 10:1 (3 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review on energy drinks, from the International Society of Sports Nutrition.
		Research Control and sensation of breathing during cycling exercise in hypoxia under naloxone: a randomised controlled crossover trial Laurent Koglin, Bengt Kayser Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2013, 2:1 (2 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Commentary Evidence from neuroimaging to explore brain plasticity in humans during an ultra-endurance burden Stéphane Perrey, Kevin Mandrick BMC Medicine 2012, 10:171 (21 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Stéphane Perrey and Kevin Mandrick comment on a study by Freund et al. showing that reversible brain changes occur during extreme running, and explain how the results can aid understanding of cerebral atrophy in those vulnerable to long-term stress.
		Research article Substantial and reversible brain gray matter reduction but no acute brain lesions in ultramarathon runners: experience from the TransEurope-FootRace Project Wolfgang Freund, Sonja Faust, Frank Birklein, Christian Gaser, Arthur P Wunderlich, Marguerite Müller, Christian Billich, Markus S Juchems, Bernd L Schmitz, Georg Grön, Uwe H Schütz BMC Medicine 2012, 10:170 (21 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Gray matter volume in the brain is reversibly reduced during the course of an ultramarathon, but no new lesions are detected by MRI, suggesting that short-term adverse brain events do not occur during endurance running when athletes train properly.
		Commentary Bike racing, recreational riding, impact sport and bone health Michael R Carmont BMC Medicine 2012, 10:169 (20 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Mike Carmont comments on a recent systematic review that concludes road cycling does not offer any osteogenic benefits, and discusses the effects of high impact sports as well as possible soft tissue injuries.
		Research article Cycling and bone health: a systematic review Hugo Olmedillas, Alejandro González-Agüero, Luis A Moreno, José A Casajus, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez BMC Medicine 2012, 10:168 (20 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Although cycling has cardiovascular benefits, a systematic review concludes it is not effective in improving bone mass, suggesting that cyclists at risk of developing osteoporosis should supplement cycling with osteogenic training.
		Research article Exercise therapy for bone and muscle health: an overview of systematic reviews Kåre Hagen, Hanne Dagfinrud, Rikke Moe, Nina Østerås, Ingvild Kjeken, Margreth Grotle, Geir Smedslund BMC Medicine 2012, 10:167 (19 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Evidence from an overview of systematic reviews suggests that exercise therapy (ET) is beneficial for most musculoskeletal conditions, but with the exception of osteoporosis there is limited understanding of how ET affects disease mechanisms.
		Research article Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review Paul R Jones, Christian Barton, Dylan Morrissey, Nicola Maffulli, Stephanie Hemmings BMC Medicine 2012, 10:166 (18 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review and meta-analysis finds cold water immersion is the most effective method of pre-cooling to improve endurance sports performance in hot weather, but highlights that more research is required to establish optimal techniques.
		Research Participation and performance trends in multistage ultramarathons—the ‘Marathon des Sables’ 2003–2012 Christoph Knoth, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:13 (1 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Age-related changes in ultra-triathlon performances Beat Knechtle, Christoph Rüst, Patrizia Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:5 (1 October 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Skeletal muscle volume following dehydration induced by exercise in heat Kyle J Hackney, Summer B Cook, Timothy J Fairchild, Lori L Ploutz-Snyder Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:3 (4 September 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Can pre-season fitness measures predict time to injury in varsity athletes?: a retrospective case control study Michael D Kennedy, Robyn Fischer, Kristine Fairbanks, Lauren Lefaivre, Lauren Vickery, Janelle Molzan, Eric Parent Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:26 (23 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Pre-season fitness levels were measured in varsity athletes which was determined to have less of an influence on time to injury than other factors such as gender and type of sport.
		Editorial Advances in sports nutrition, exercise and medicine: Olympic issues, the legacy and beyond Mike Carmont BMC Medicine 2012, 10:79 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary Mike Carmont launches our new article collection 'Advances in Sports Nutrition, Exercise and Medicine', with an editorial, discussing how research in this area has consequences for the general public as well as athletes.
		Technical advance The Transeurope Footrace Project: longitudinal data acquisition in a cluster randomized mobile MRI observational cohort study on 44 endurance runners at a 64-stage 4,486km transcontinental ultramarathon Uwe HW Schütz, Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, Beat Knechtle, Jürgen Machann, Heike Wiedelbach, Martin Ehrhardt, Wolfgang Freund, Stefan Gröninger, Horst Brunner, Ingo Schulze, Hans-Jürgen Brambs, Christian Billich BMC Medicine 2012, 10:78 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Physiological changes in 44 ultramarathon runners over the course of a 4487 km race can be evaluated using a mobile MRI scanner, as well as metabolic and psychological tests, which could can demonstrate the processes occurring at the limits of endurance
		Commentary Ultramarathon is an outstanding model for the study of adaptive responses to extreme load and stress Grégoire P Millet, Guillaume Y Millet BMC Medicine 2012, 10:77 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Gregoire and Guillaume Millet discuss how the findings of a recent study where physiological changes in ultramarathon runners were assessed by a mobile MRI scanner can shed light on how the body adapts to stress.
		Editorial Born to run. Studying the limits of human performance Andrew Murray, Ricardo JS Costa BMC Medicine 2012, 10:76 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Ultramarathon runners Andrew Murray and Ricardo Costa discuss how the Schutz et al. study, which presents methods to assess physiological changes during a 4487 km race as part of the TransEurope Footrace Project, has implications for endurance athletes.
		Research article The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review Katherine Herman, Christian Barton, Peter Malliaras, Dylan Morrissey BMC Medicine 2012, 10:75 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review and meta-analysis finds that simple neuromuscular warm-up techniques involving no additional equipment can reduce lower extremity injury incidence, so should be considered as part of athletic training.
		Editorial Sport and exercise medicine and the Olympic health legacy Garry A Tew, Robert J Copeland, Simon H Till BMC Medicine 2012, 10:74 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The Olympic Legacy aims to use the forthcoming Games as a catalyst for promoting a healthier, more active lifestyle; Simon Till and colleagues highlight how specialists can contribute to this change, as well as the barriers that may prevent success
		Commentary The Olympics and harm reduction? Bengt Kayser, Barbara Broers Harm Reduction Journal 2012, 9:33 (13 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Kayser and Broers examine anti-doping legislation and ask us the question of whether anti-doping initiatives are effective, especially in light of the increasing costs associated with the anti-doping industry.
		Research Incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent basketball players in Nigeria Oluwatoyosi Babatunde Owoeye, Ashiyat Akodu, Bayonle Oladokun, Sunday Rufus Akinbo Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:15 (4 May 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Research article Effect of betaine supplementation on cycling sprint performance J Luke Pryor, Stuart AS Craig, Thomas Swensen Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:12 (3 April 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Research The treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes; a randomized clinical trial Maarten Moen, Leonoor Holtslag, Eric Bakker, Carl Barten, Adam Weir, Johannes L Tol, Frank Backx Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:12 (30 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Review Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions Mélanie L Beaulieu, Scott G McLean Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:10 (15 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Research article Dietary intake and stress fractures among elite male combat recruits Daniel S Moran, Yuval Heled, Yael Arbel, Eran Israeli, Aharon S Finestone, Rachel K Evans, Ran Yanovich Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:6 (13 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Research article Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men Douglas S Kalman, Samantha Feldman, Diane R Krieger, Richard J Bloomer Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:1 (18 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Review Biomechanical approaches to understanding the potentially injurious demands of gymnastic-style impact landings Marianne JR Gittoes, Gareth Irwin Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:4 (13 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed

		Review International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks Bill Campbell, Colin Wilborn, Paul La Bounty, Lem Taylor, Mike T Nelson, Mike Greenwood, Tim N Ziegenfuss, Hector L Lopez, Jay R Hoffman, Jeffrey R Stout, Stephen Schmitz, Rick Collins, Doug S Kalman, Jose Antonio, Richard B Kreider Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2013, 10:1 (3 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review on energy drinks, from the International Society of Sports Nutrition.
		Research Control and sensation of breathing during cycling exercise in hypoxia under naloxone: a randomised controlled crossover trial Laurent Koglin, Bengt Kayser Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2013, 2:1 (2 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Commentary Evidence from neuroimaging to explore brain plasticity in humans during an ultra-endurance burden Stéphane Perrey, Kevin Mandrick BMC Medicine 2012, 10:171 (21 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Stéphane Perrey and Kevin Mandrick comment on a study by Freund et al. showing that reversible brain changes occur during extreme running, and explain how the results can aid understanding of cerebral atrophy in those vulnerable to long-term stress.
		Research article Substantial and reversible brain gray matter reduction but no acute brain lesions in ultramarathon runners: experience from the TransEurope-FootRace Project Wolfgang Freund, Sonja Faust, Frank Birklein, Christian Gaser, Arthur P Wunderlich, Marguerite Müller, Christian Billich, Markus S Juchems, Bernd L Schmitz, Georg Grön, Uwe H Schütz BMC Medicine 2012, 10:170 (21 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Gray matter volume in the brain is reversibly reduced during the course of an ultramarathon, but no new lesions are detected by MRI, suggesting that short-term adverse brain events do not occur during endurance running when athletes train properly.
		Commentary Bike racing, recreational riding, impact sport and bone health Michael R Carmont BMC Medicine 2012, 10:169 (20 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Mike Carmont comments on a recent systematic review that concludes road cycling does not offer any osteogenic benefits, and discusses the effects of high impact sports as well as possible soft tissue injuries.
		Research article Cycling and bone health: a systematic review Hugo Olmedillas, Alejandro González-Agüero, Luis A Moreno, José A Casajus, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez BMC Medicine 2012, 10:168 (20 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Although cycling has cardiovascular benefits, a systematic review concludes it is not effective in improving bone mass, suggesting that cyclists at risk of developing osteoporosis should supplement cycling with osteogenic training.
		Research article Exercise therapy for bone and muscle health: an overview of systematic reviews Kåre Hagen, Hanne Dagfinrud, Rikke Moe, Nina Østerås, Ingvild Kjeken, Margreth Grotle, Geir Smedslund BMC Medicine 2012, 10:167 (19 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Evidence from an overview of systematic reviews suggests that exercise therapy (ET) is beneficial for most musculoskeletal conditions, but with the exception of osteoporosis there is limited understanding of how ET affects disease mechanisms.
		Research article Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review Paul R Jones, Christian Barton, Dylan Morrissey, Nicola Maffulli, Stephanie Hemmings BMC Medicine 2012, 10:166 (18 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review and meta-analysis finds cold water immersion is the most effective method of pre-cooling to improve endurance sports performance in hot weather, but highlights that more research is required to establish optimal techniques.
		Research Participation and performance trends in multistage ultramarathons—the ‘Marathon des Sables’ 2003–2012 Christoph Knoth, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Alexander Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:13 (1 December 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Age-related changes in ultra-triathlon performances Beat Knechtle, Christoph Rüst, Patrizia Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, Romuald Lepers Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:5 (1 October 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Skeletal muscle volume following dehydration induced by exercise in heat Kyle J Hackney, Summer B Cook, Timothy J Fairchild, Lori L Ploutz-Snyder Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2012, 1:3 (4 September 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Research Can pre-season fitness measures predict time to injury in varsity athletes?: a retrospective case control study Michael D Kennedy, Robyn Fischer, Kristine Fairbanks, Lauren Lefaivre, Lauren Vickery, Janelle Molzan, Eric Parent Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:26 (23 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Pre-season fitness levels were measured in varsity athletes which was determined to have less of an influence on time to injury than other factors such as gender and type of sport.
		Editorial Advances in sports nutrition, exercise and medicine: Olympic issues, the legacy and beyond Mike Carmont BMC Medicine 2012, 10:79 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| 1 comment \| Editor’s summary Mike Carmont launches our new article collection 'Advances in Sports Nutrition, Exercise and Medicine', with an editorial, discussing how research in this area has consequences for the general public as well as athletes.
		Technical advance The Transeurope Footrace Project: longitudinal data acquisition in a cluster randomized mobile MRI observational cohort study on 44 endurance runners at a 64-stage 4,486km transcontinental ultramarathon Uwe HW Schütz, Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, Beat Knechtle, Jürgen Machann, Heike Wiedelbach, Martin Ehrhardt, Wolfgang Freund, Stefan Gröninger, Horst Brunner, Ingo Schulze, Hans-Jürgen Brambs, Christian Billich BMC Medicine 2012, 10:78 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Physiological changes in 44 ultramarathon runners over the course of a 4487 km race can be evaluated using a mobile MRI scanner, as well as metabolic and psychological tests, which could can demonstrate the processes occurring at the limits of endurance
		Commentary Ultramarathon is an outstanding model for the study of adaptive responses to extreme load and stress Grégoire P Millet, Guillaume Y Millet BMC Medicine 2012, 10:77 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Gregoire and Guillaume Millet discuss how the findings of a recent study where physiological changes in ultramarathon runners were assessed by a mobile MRI scanner can shed light on how the body adapts to stress.
		Editorial Born to run. Studying the limits of human performance Andrew Murray, Ricardo JS Costa BMC Medicine 2012, 10:76 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Ultramarathon runners Andrew Murray and Ricardo Costa discuss how the Schutz et al. study, which presents methods to assess physiological changes during a 4487 km race as part of the TransEurope Footrace Project, has implications for endurance athletes.
		Research article The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review Katherine Herman, Christian Barton, Peter Malliaras, Dylan Morrissey BMC Medicine 2012, 10:75 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary A systematic review and meta-analysis finds that simple neuromuscular warm-up techniques involving no additional equipment can reduce lower extremity injury incidence, so should be considered as part of athletic training.
		Editorial Sport and exercise medicine and the Olympic health legacy Garry A Tew, Robert J Copeland, Simon H Till BMC Medicine 2012, 10:74 (19 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The Olympic Legacy aims to use the forthcoming Games as a catalyst for promoting a healthier, more active lifestyle; Simon Till and colleagues highlight how specialists can contribute to this change, as well as the barriers that may prevent success
		Commentary The Olympics and harm reduction? Bengt Kayser, Barbara Broers Harm Reduction Journal 2012, 9:33 (13 July 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Kayser and Broers examine anti-doping legislation and ask us the question of whether anti-doping initiatives are effective, especially in light of the increasing costs associated with the anti-doping industry.
		Research Incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent basketball players in Nigeria Oluwatoyosi Babatunde Owoeye, Ashiyat Akodu, Bayonle Oladokun, Sunday Rufus Akinbo Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:15 (4 May 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Research article Effect of betaine supplementation on cycling sprint performance J Luke Pryor, Stuart AS Craig, Thomas Swensen Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:12 (3 April 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Research The treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes; a randomized clinical trial Maarten Moen, Leonoor Holtslag, Eric Bakker, Carl Barten, Adam Weir, Johannes L Tol, Frank Backx Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:12 (30 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Review Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions Mélanie L Beaulieu, Scott G McLean Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:10 (15 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed
		Research article Dietary intake and stress fractures among elite male combat recruits Daniel S Moran, Yuval Heled, Yael Arbel, Eran Israeli, Aharon S Finestone, Rachel K Evans, Ran Yanovich Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:6 (13 March 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Research article Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men Douglas S Kalman, Samantha Feldman, Diane R Krieger, Richard J Bloomer Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2012, 9:1 (18 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central
		Review Biomechanical approaches to understanding the potentially injurious demands of gymnastic-style impact landings Marianne JR Gittoes, Gareth Irwin Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:4 (13 January 2012) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed