Dizziness and balance problems, commonly seen in patients suffering from vestibular and related disorders, are inter-related phenomena denoting sensory dysfunctions 123. Due to its subjective nature, dizziness remains a continuous clinical challenge. It has been sub-classified into vertigo – a false sensation of movement of self or environment, presyncope – sensations of light-headedness and impending fainting, disequilibrium – a sensation of imbalance and/or postural instability, and "other types of dizziness" – a vague and floating sensation often accompanied by somatic symptoms 1. This classification was introduced 30 years ago, and is still in use 12. The nature of the symptoms is central for understanding the individual patient's condition and perceived sensation 4.

The Vertigo symptom scale (VSS), consisting of 36 items, addresses frequency and severity of dizziness symptoms within the last 12 months. Development of the VSS was based on interviews with patients experiencing dizziness/vertigo and on literature 5. Two main dimensions were derived by principal component analysis (PCA) identifying vertigo-balance and autonomic-anxiety symptoms. Acceptable validity 67 and test-retest reliability 5 have been demonstrated for the long version of the scale. Modest correlation between the two sub-scales has been reported 5. The scale discriminated between patients and healthy individuals 6, and the sub-scales discriminated between vertigo-balance and autonomic- anxiety dimensions in patients with dizziness 56. Also, the autonomic-anxiety sub-scale of the VSS correlated with objective measures of psycho-physiological arousal in patients with vestibular disorders 7.

A shortened version of the scale (VSS-SF) comprising items extracted from the original scale 8, was introduced for use in clinical trials as a measure of symptom severity within the past month 9. The VSS-SF consists of 15 items. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale (range 0–4), and a measure of symptom severity is obtained by summing the item scores. The total scale score ranges 0–60, higher scores indicating more severe problems. Severe dizziness has been defined as ≥ 12 points on the total scale 10. The scale is suggested to comprise two sub-scales: 8 items relating to vertigo-balance (VSS-V, score ranging 0–32), and 7 items relating to autonomic-anxiety symptoms (VSS-A, score ranging 0–28) 9.

The VSS-SF has shown satisfactory internal consistency 11 and moderate test-retest reliability 12. Other psychometric properties have to our knowledge not been examined. Considering the subjective nature of dizziness, self-report instruments capturing these symptoms may be valuable, provided that the measurement properties are sound. After translating the VSS-SF into Norwegian, the aims of the present study were to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, construct validity and the discriminative ability of the instrument, as well as its test-retest reliability.

Descriptive information of the samples is given in Table 1. Most participants in both samples were women. In sample I, vestibular diagnoses was the most common and represented by Ménière's disease, vestibular schwannoma, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and vestibular neuritis sequele. The non-vestibular category comprised non-otogenic and cervicogenic dizziness. An average of 56 months (standard deviation (SD): 30) had passed since the medical examination, but the majority reported dizziness with recent dizzy spells at the time of the survey. In sample II, the majority of patients were classified as having peripheral vestibular disorders, and all were dizzy at the time.

The EFA revealed three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 that explained 60% of the variance prior to rotation. The first factor explained 41% while the second explained 12%. A third factor which explained 7% of the variance comprised items related to time on the balance dimension (e.g. dizziness of short or long duration). The scree plot (Figure 1) indicated two factors to be retained for rotation. Results of the rotation showed that 12 of the items clearly loaded on one of the factors only, seven items on factor 1, corresponding to the VSS-V sub-scale, while five items loaded on factor 2, the VSS-A sub-scale (Table 2). The remaining 3 items, e.g. items 3 (nausea), 7 (headache, or feeling pressure in the head) and item 12 (feeling faint, about to black out), loaded on both factors (Table 2). The correlation between the factors was moderate (0.56) with delta set at zero.

Cronbach's alpha, indicating internal consistency was 0.90 for the VSS-SF, 0.88 for the VSS-V and 0.81 for the VSS-A. Construct validity was indicated as the correlation value between the VSS-V sub-scale and path length was moderate (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) while it was low and not significant between the VSS-A sub-scale and path length (r = - 0.19, p = 0.30). Low and not significant correlation was also seen between the two sub-scales (r = 0.15, p = 0.41).

In sample I, more severe symptoms were reported by the currently dizzy than the not dizzy group (Table 3). The scales' ability to discriminate between the dizzy and not dizzy was satisfactory as indicated by the area under the ROC curve (Figure 2, Table 3). The cut-off values of 6.5 on the VSS-SF, 2.5 on the VSS-V, and 3.5 on the VSS-A had all acceptable sensitivity and specificity (Table 3). Stability of the scales' discriminative ability was demonstrated by similar results in the randomly established groups (split half techniques) as in the whole sample I. The instrument did not discriminate between dizziness of vestibular and non-vestibular origin.

The sub-sample from sample II participating in the test-retest reliability study, consisted of 61% women, mean age; 47.9 years. The mean duration of dizziness was 30 months. At test, all items on the VSS-SF were scored by all patients. At retest imputation of scores was done in two forms (one item score lacking on each). The results are presented in Table 4. Test-retest reliability was highly satisfactory; ICC values ranging 0.88 to 0.90 for the total and the sub-scales. No change in scores was seen from test to retest.

This study complements previous examination of measurement properties of the original short-form instrument. Reliability and validity have scarcely been addressed, and the underlying dimensions have not been systematically explored in previous studies. It is also the first report of a translation of the VSS-SF into Norwegian, performed according to recommended guidelines 13. The semantic and technical equivalence of items was kept as close as possible to the original. Apart from the two words deleted, the remaining English words and concepts were considered relevant and adequate for dizzy patients in the Norwegian culture. The modifications did not appear to alter the meaning of the questions. The translated version was pilot tested in a few dizzy patients (n = 4), finding no need for change of wording. Response categories and scoring system were kept the same as in the original scale. Problems with the response categories have previously been reported 20, as patients systematically left out answers of 0 (never), if non-symptomatic. No particular difficulties were met when using the Norwegian version of the VSS-SF in the present study.

The instrument has been suggested to comprise two dimensions of dizziness; a vertigo-balance and autonomic-anxiety dimension 9. A two-factor structure was supported by the present study, and the factors indicated a balance and an anxiety dimension. No definite rules for cut-off values of factor loadings exist, but loadings above 0.4 6 and 0.5 5 have been considered appropriate in previous studies of the VSS. Others have suggested that loadings between 0.2 and 0.4 may be sufficient, although modest 15. Using factor loading values of at least 0.4 as cut-off, 12 of the items in the present study loaded satisfactorily, while the loading of three items (item 3, 7, 12) may be considered modest. As these items also cross-loaded, further exploration of the factor structure was carried out by altering the value of delta in the oblimin rotation method, however, the same structure and similar loading values were seen. A set-up with the results from the present study is presented along with the results from previous studies that used PCA (Table 2) 6, even if a direct comparison is not possible because of methodological differences between PCA and EFA. Cross-loading of item 3 is seen across all the four studies (Table 2) and high face validity for item 3 on the vertigo-balance dimension has previously been argued 6. Item 7, loaded equally on both dimensions in the present study, contrary to what is seen in the other studies where it loaded clearly on the anxiety dimension (Table 2). Item 12 was also found to cross-load in the present study fairly similar to that of the UK hospital sample, while it loaded weakly on the balance dimension in the Mexican sample and clearly on the anxiety sub-scale in the UK primary care sample 6. It is not uncommon to find items that cross-load 15, and overlap in symptomatology related to vertigo-balance and autonomic-anxiety may account for this cross-loading 5. In spite of the cross-loading of some factors, the constellation of factors founded on the empirical distinction between the dimensions, allows construction of a two-factor scale covering vertigo-balance and autonomic anxiety dimensions of dizziness as originally suggested 9.

Internal consistency of the VSS-SF was satisfactory high, similar to what was reported by Yardley et al. 12 and somewhat higher than what was reported by Soderman et al. 11. Internal consistency of the sub-scales, not previously examined, was also satisfactory, the alpha values being within recommended limits 16.

In discussion of construct validity, the various aspects of validity must be taken into consideration 21. Development of the original long version of the scale was based on interviews, literature and on PCA which revealed two core sub-scales 5. In the present study, a similar structure was found, e.g. a vertigo-balance and an autonomic-anxiety dimension. The sub-scales complement each other, and the total instrument covers a relative broad concept of dizziness. The autonomic-anxiety sub-scale of the long version has previously been shown to correlate with objective measures of psycho-physiological arousal 7, but the vertigo-balance sub-scale has not been explored along similar lines. Maintenance of balance, achieved by a process of active movements around the point of gravity 22 can be registered by posturography, and it is considered a gold standard in measuring balance. This biophysical measure was used to examine the construct underlying the VSS-V sub-scale. The combined findings of (moderate) correlation between the VSS-V sub-scale and path length, and lack of correlation between the VSS-A sub-scale and path length in the present study, support our assumption that the sub-scales measure somewhat different constructs, further supported by the lack of correlation between the two sub-scales 23. Thus, there is support that the VSS-V sub-scale reflects a construct related to physical aspects of dizziness. The idea that self-perceived dizziness can reflect different constructs is of interest when it comes to rehabilitation. Identifying the type of dizziness experienced by the individual may result in more customized rehabilitation programs.

The scale discriminated in a stable manner between patients with and without persistent dizziness. In particular, the VSS-V sub-scale showed excellent discriminative ability while it was acceptable for the autonomic-anxiety scale. The latter sub-scale's discriminate ability might have been even better if we had been able to distinguish between groups with and without somatic anxiety, but data for this purpose was not available in the present study. Ability to discriminate between healthy and patients has been established in the long version of the scale 67, but not explored by ROC curve analysis. The established cut-off values may be useful in identifying patients in need of vestibular rehabilitation 18.

Test-retest reliability was satisfactory high on all scales. Satisfactory test-retest reliability is important when it comes to evaluating results from interventions. The reliability was almost as high as that reported on the sub-scales of the long version (VSS-V: r = 0.94, VSS-A: r = 0.95) 5. The somewhat higher values seen for the long version of the instrument 5, may be due to a shorter test-retest interval (24 hour) and suggest a recall-bias, or to the fact that the long version is a somewhat broader measure of the construct of dizziness. The moderate long term (6 months) test-retest reliability (r = 0.60) previously reported for the short version 12, may be due to an actual change in the condition even if the patients had had dizziness of long duration. There are no definite guidelines as to how long the time interval should be in test-retest studies. However, it should be long enough to secure that previous self-reported responses are forgotten and short enough for the condition to remain stable 16. A risk of recall bias within 48 hours may be argued. As the form was part of an extensive test battery, this risk was considered minimal. The sample consisted of patients with dizziness of relative long duration, implying that the possibility of a change during a period of 48 hours was small.

Examination of reliability should preferably be done with varying scale scores among the target population. In the present sample, scores extended from the lower to the middle range which is typical for patients with dizziness of long duration 1023. For samples of patients with chronic dizziness, test-retest reliability of the VSS-SF is satisfactory. As far as we know the scale has not been used systematically with patients in the acute condition, but our clinical experience has shown scores in the upper range of the scale. The scale has a potential to register symptoms in the acute condition, but the rapid, spontaneous compensation taking place must be taken into consideration and the time period altered accordingly.

The VSS-SF translated into Norwegian demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, many aspects being examined for the first time. The factor structure demonstrated two dimensions within the overall construct of dizziness, vertigo-balance and autonomic-anxiety dimensions and the vertigo-balance sub-scale was shown to capture a physical construct of dizziness. Satisfactory high internal consistency was demonstrated for the total and sub-scales. The instrument was able to distinguish between individuals with and without dizziness. Satisfactory test-retest reliability was demonstrated for the total and sub-scales. Measurement properties of the scale should also be tested in patients with acute vestibular dizziness.

VSS = Vertigo symptom scale, VSS-SF = Vertigo symptom scale-short form, VSS-V = vertigo-balance sub-scale, VSS-A = vertigo-anxiety sub-scale, EFA = exploratory factor analysis, PCA = principal component analysis, ROC = receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC = area under the (ROC) curve.

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interest.

KW designed the studies, collected data, performed statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. LIS participated in designing the study, contributed in the analysis of data and drafting of the manuscript. SHGN and AEL both have contributed to the design of the studies and have assisted in drafting the manuscript. GEE has participated in the statistical analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

See Table 5.

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6815/8/2/prepub