Schönlein-Henoch purpura (SHP) is a systemic vasculitis that affects vessels of a small caliber 1. The vascular purpura is usually confined to the lower limbs and is associated, at varying degrees, with joint, gastrointestinal and renal involvement 2.

In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology defined SHP by the presence of 2 ore more of the following criteria: age of disease onset (20 years or younger); palpable purpura; acute abdominal pain and granulocytic infiltration in the walls of arterioles or venules 3. Focusing on the pathogenic role of IgA immune complexes in SHP, the Chapel Hill Consensus Group view the diagnosis as a small vessel vasculitis with predominant IgA vascular deposits 4. SHP was first defined and is more commonly reported in children. There is a peak incidence between 2 and 5 years of age. Boys are more frequently affected. The incidence of SHP in the 2 to 14-year-old population is about 14 cases out of 100 000 per year 5. The onset of SHP during pregnancy is very rare. Using an electronic literature research of MEDLINE and the National Library of Medicine PubMed we found case reports including patients with SHP in pregnancy exclusively in Journals for gynecology, internal medicine, pathology, pediatric and general medicine respectively, from 1976 to the present. Therefore, we report on a patient who developed SHP at 27 weeks of gestation with successful outcome for mother and child.

A 35-year-old unipara in the 31st week of gestation was admitted with a 4 week history of purpura on the legs. She also complained of epigastric pain and arthralgias, mainly in the knees.

Examination revealed crops of non tender palpable purpura on the legs, 1 to 3 mm in diameter (Fig 1). On the anterior aspects of the lower legs, the lesions subsequently coalesced to large plaques with a necrotic ulcerating center. A few scattered purpuric lesions were present on the abdomen.

Biopsy of a skin lesion showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis (Fig 2 and Fig 3) with intravascular fibrin thrombi. The direct immunofluorescence analysis evidenced vascular deposits of IgA and C3 in the upper and mid-dermis. These findings, together with the gastrointestinal and articulary symptoms, led to the diagnosis of Schönlein-Henoch purpura.

Laboratory data were: red blood cell count 3,14 T/l, hemoglobin 9,8 g/dl, hematocrit 29,1%, white blood cell count 9,96 G/l, platelets 236 G/l, ESR 84/94 mm, serum creatinine 0,73 mg/dl and urea 7 mg/dl. Liver parameters and electrolytes were within normal range. Repeated urinanalysis showed no proteinuria or haematuria. Stool guaiacs were repeatedly negative.

Findings from the following tests were negative or within normal range: antinuclear antibodies, ANCA, C3, C4, antiphospholipid antibodies, serum immunoglobulin A, M, and G respectively, ASLO, virus serologies including hepatitis A, B and C. The circulating immuncomplexes were slightly raised (1,89 μg/ml, normal < 1,5 μg/ml). The gynecological examination showed an ultrasound-estimated gestation age of 31 weeks with a normal blood flow in the umbilical artery. The patient's blood pressure ranged from 100/70 to 120/80 mm Hg. Because of the necrotizing cutaneous lesions, treatment with low-dose oral corticosteroids (methylprednisolon 20 mg/day, i.e. 0,25 mg/kg body weight) was started. The lesions rapidly resolved and the corticosteroid dosage was tapered off progressively. After one month, treatment was stopped. Subsequent antepartum course was unremarkable. Repeated controls of kidney function and blood pressure showed normal results. At 38 weeks of gestation, a healthy male infant weighting 4100 g was delivered by cesarean section.

Histologic examination of the placenta and the navel string showed no vasculitis or infarction (Fig 4). Direct immunofluorescence did not evidence deposits of immunoreactants.

Schönlein-Henoch purpura is a distinctive clinical syndrome. The skin lesions consist of recurrent purpuric papules, sometimes necrotizing, on the lower limbs. Spread of the rash to the trunk seems to be a predictive factor for renal involvement 6. Initial symptoms may be accompanied by fever. Histological examination discloses leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the upper and mid-dermis. The direct immunofluorescence analysis of fresh lesions shows deposits of IgA and C3 in the capillary walls 7. In older lesions, these immunoreactants may lack.

Arthralgias occur in up to two thirds of patients, usually affecting knees and ankles. Arthritis is rarely observed 8. Gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent, appearing usually at the beginning of the disease and last for a few days. They include colicky pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and occult or gross gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic examination discloses an erosive-haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, most often in the duodenum 9. During the acute course of SHP, neurological symptoms may occur. Headache seems to be the most frequent symptom, convulsions are rare 10. The reported incidence of nephritis associated with SHP varies according to the population studied. Renal involvement occurs in 25 to 50% of children. The glomerulonephritis usually leads to proteinuria and microhaematuria.

More rarely, a nephritic syndrome, macrohaematuria or arterial hypertension appear 11. Glomerular changes consist of segmental and focal mesangial and/or endothelial proliferation and diffuse mesangial IgA deposits. Although acute renal failure is rare, end-stage renal disease may develop after a long latency period of up to 20 years after diagnosis of SHP 12. This indicates that careful clinical and laboratory supervision is necessary even after complete healing of skin lesions. If the kidneys are spared, prognosis of SHP is excellent. Relapses of purpura, abdominal pain and arthralgias occur over 3 to 6 weeks before resolution of the disease.

SHP in adulthood differs from the pediatric form of the disease. Adults have more pronounced and chronic skin lesions 13 and renal involvement is more frequent and severe than in childhood 14. However, long term outcome of SHP seems equally good in patients of both age groups 614.

Occurrence of SHP during pregnancy is exceptional. To the best of our knowledge, nine cases have previously been reported. Four patients were already known to have SHP before pregnancy 15161718. Three woman developed SHP for the first time during gestation, at 11, 17 and 23 weeks respectively 192021. In two patients, diagnosis was made in the post-partum period 2223.

Symptomatology of SHP in pregnant woman has no specific characteristics. Diagnosis may be difficult when renal, articular or gastrointestinal involvement preceed the cutaneous manifestations since many aspects of SHP may masquerade as preeclampsia or eclampsia, especially hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, abdominal pain, headache and convulsions.

The effect of pregnancy on the course of preexistant SHP remains to be evaluated. Analysis of the four observations reported in the literature shows: aggravation of the disease in two patients 1517, diminution of proteinuria in one patient 16 and total disparition of symptoms in one patient 18. The only obstetrical complication of SHP related in the literature is pregnancy-induced hypertension and its possible consequences (preeclampsia, eclampsia). If kidneys are spared, obstetrical prognosis is good. There is probably no risk of IgA vasculitis in the fetus as these immunoglobulins cannot cross the normal placenta. Examination of the placenta in one case showed no vasculitis or infarction 17 and this observation was confirmed in our patient.

The pathogenesis of SHP remains poorly understood. The similarity of the histologic findings in SHP to those of Arthus reaction suggest an immune-complex mediated disorder 24. It is postulated that various antigenic stimuli cause elevation of circulating IgA and that complement activation leads to necrotizing vasculitis. SHP has been reported after bacterial infections (β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Legionella, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori, etc) 2526, viral infections (Hepatitis A and B, EBV, Parvovirus, etc) 2728, vaccinations (influenza) 29 and intake of drugs (Penicillin, acetylsalicylic acid, enalapril, etc) 3031.

The efficacy of corticosteroids and immunsuppressants (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide) in the treatment of SHP is subject to controversy, especially when the kidneys are involved 32. Some cases of SHP were successfully treated by dapsone or plasmapheresis 1733. Little experience exists concerning treatment of SHP during pregnancy, although corticosteroids and plasmapheresis have been used.

Schönlein-Henoch purpura: SHP

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