T. gondii is an intracellular parasite that can infect almost all mammals and the importance of this parasite in food safety, human health and animal husbandry has been well recognized. Although the parasites remain dormant in people with normal immune competence, they do pose threats to individuals who are immuno-compromized. Examples could be patients with AIDS or organ transplantation 123. It has been estimated that up to one third of the world's population has been infected by T. gondii with endemicity from around 10% to 70% 245. Further more, up to 14.8% of AIDS patients in Southeast Asia region were reported with toxoplasmosis in the central nervous systems 6. Both primary and re-infection during pregnancy are high risk factors especially to the foetus 78. Thus surveillance of T. gondii infection and the distribution of the oocysts in the living environments have been regarded as an important measure to prevent the disease.

Due to the fact that T. gondii mainly infects cells in the brain of immune competent individuals, it has been postulated that certain psychiatric disorders might be a link to the concurrent infection 91011. In several studies, patients with schizophrenia were found to have a higher tendency of T. gondii infection 121314, but there has been no conclusive correlation between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disease 15.

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG in the sera of more than 3000 Chinese individuals living in the southern and northern regions of China, among which, a panel of 547 serum samples were collected from patients with certain psychiatric disorders. It was found that the general infection rate of T. gondii in the studied population was higher than recorded by the Chinese Ministry of Health, and importantly, results suggest that women have a higher risk of being infected by T. gondii than men in China. The data argues for more attention for prevention of T. gondii infection in the female population and in particular pregnant women.

The overall prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG in the studied population was 12.3%. In the clinically healthy group the prevalence was 12.5% meanwhile 11.3% in the group containing psychiatric patients (Table 1 and 2). No correlation between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disorders was found. A significant observation was the difference in seroprevalence between male and female groups where 10.5% of the males and 14.3% of the females were T. gondii positive (P = 0.004) (Table 1). The general seroprevalence of individuals living in Changchun, Daqing and Shanghai regions were 12.4%, 11.5%, and 13.3% respectively. Significant differences in prevalence between male and female were found in the populations of Daqing in the north and Shanghai in the south, where the prevalences were 8.4% versus 13.2% (P = 0.048) and 11.78% versus 16.7% (P = 0.04) respectively. The prevalence in Changchun was 10.5% and 14.0% respectively in men and women (P = 0.1).

Sera which had anti-T. gondii antibodies were divided into 5 groups based on the age (<20, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and >50 years) of the individuals. The seroprevalence of the five age groups were 11.2%, 11.8%, 12.6%, 13.6% and 12% respectively in the clinically healthy population. The seroprevalence in the corresponding age groups of the psychiatric patients were 9.1%, 12.8%, 7%, 13.1% and 12.9% respectively. The difference in infection rate among the sample groups was not statistically significant. However, when comparing the seroprevalence adjusted by age, the infection rates in women and men of the 20-30 years old group were 14.6% and 6.4% respectively. The difference was significant (P = 0.006). The prevalence of T. gondii infection in individuals living in urban and rural areas in the northern parts of China (including Changchun and Daqing) were 13.1% and 9.7%.

The optical density at 405 nm (OD 405), indicated the amount of specific IgG antibodies in the sera, was also measured in the different samples. No significant differences were observed considering the mean values of all studied groups (Figure 1).

In the logistic regression analysis, ten variables (including age, living location, profession, physical condition and so on) were investigated for potential factors associated with T. gondii infection. The results revealed that the only factor associated with T. gondii infection was gender (OR = 0.712; 95% CI: 0.564-0.899). The rest of the factors did not show any association with T. gondii infection.

All positive and some negative samples investigated were verified by agglutination test using the commercially available Toxo-Screen DA kit (BioMérieux, France) as controls. No disagreement between ELISA and DA method was observed (data not shown).

Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and animals including chickens has been used as an indicator of the endemicity of the parasite 18192021. The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in many countries has been investigated, but the prevalence of T. gondii in the Chinese population has not been clear. During the two national-wide surveys carried out in 1995 and 2004 22, the prevalence of T. gondii infection in the Chinese population was reported to be around 7%. But the number of samples enrolled in the two surveys was limited. In the current study, we investigated more than 3000 individuals living both in the south and the north of the country. Furthermore, the number of serum samples analyzed from male and female individuals was similar (Table 1). We also investigated the sera prevalence of T. gondii-specific IgG in more than 500 patients with psychiatric disorders, with the aim of finding a possible correlation between T. gondii infection and certain psychiatric symptoms as reported by others 89101112131415. The overall infection rate of T. gondii in the studied population in China was 12.3%, which was generally lower than that in other countries 12. Earlier studies suggest that the infection rate of free-range chickens in the northeast part of China were 34.5% 23. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that cat infection rate of T. gondii in China is as high as 79.4% 24. The low prevalence in humans found here could be due to the fact that the habit of consuming raw or undercooked meat and having pet animals still not very popular in China. No significant difference in infection rate between individuals living in urban and rural areas in the North part of China was found, which indicated that T. gondii infection is independent of living places. Thus consuming well-cooked meat and proper handling and disposal of faecal material from pet cats are important measures of disease prevention.

The finding that seroprevalance of anti-T. gondii IgG in the females is higher than in the males in the Chinese population is significantly important to the public health. The data indicates that females are at higher risk of contraction T. gondii infection in China. This is undoubtedly due to many factors. First, women traditionally take more care of pet animals including cats at home, and secondly, women handle raw meat more frequently than men due to the fact that they spend more time cooking at home. In a recent study with sera from pregnant women living in northeastern China, it was indeed found that taking care of pet animals and consuming raw meat were two main risk factors related to T. gondii infections 5. The reason that individuals under the age of 20 showed similar infection rate to others could be due to the fact that they tend to play more with animals or due to other unidentified factors. Though it is rare that parasites are reactivated during gestation, infection during pregnancy does pose threat to the life of fetuses and newborns. Thus knowledge of disease prevention is more important in public health programs, especially to the female groups.

In immune competent individuals, T. gondii infects a variety of cells of the central nervous tissues, thus the correlation between T. gondii infections and certain psychiatric symptoms, especially Schizophrenia, has drawn attention in recent years 1011121314. It has been speculated that parasite components released from the infected brain cells might has effect on surrounding cells and hence impact the mode or behavior of the host 11. Several studies including a literature surveys supported the conclusion that T. gondii infection is modestly associated with Schizophrenia syndrome 15. However, no correlation between T. gondii infection and Schizophrenia was found in this study (n = 291, Table 2). Interestingly, the infection rate in the study group was only 8.9% which was lower than the average rate in the whole population. The patient groups with severe distress and adjustment disorders and Obsessive-compulsive disorder had serum positivity of 20% and 25% respectively. However, the figures are not conclusive due to the lower number of patients in the two groups. Unlike previous report, no correlation between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disorders were found in this study. This could be due to the genetic background of the Chinese population or the general low infection rate.

The study has shown that the general infection rate of T. gondii in the Chinese population was 12.3%. Women have a significantly higher risk of being infected by T. gondii than men, possibly due to more exposure to the infective sources. No correlation between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disorders was observed.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

YX, JY, NJ, MX, LH, HL, HS, XL and HX participated in serum collection and performed the assay. JA, JL provided the antigen. QC planed and supervised the study. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.