Retinoic acid enhances skeletal myogenesis in stem cells by activating mesodermal and muscle progenitor genes and beta-catenin, and inhibits cardiomyogenesis by downregulating BMP4 signaling.

c-myc knockout mice have slower alveolar cell proliferation in the mammary gland during pregnancy and less efficient translation of mRNAs involved in milk production, showing c-Myc to be important for pregnancy and lactation in mice.

ParaHox genes in the ragworm, Platynereis, show a complexity of expression and a clustered arrangement not seen in other protostomes, supporting a reconstruction of the Parahox cluster in the extinct protostome-deuterostome ancestor.