www.biomedcentral.com

Table 2
Case-control studies of smokeless tobacco and cancer
Study	Country	Study period^a	Controls^a	Sex^b	Exposures studied^c	Cancers studied (cases)^d

Broders 1920 [37]	USA	NA	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (537)
Doll and Hill 1952 [38]	UK	1948–1952	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff	Lung (1,209)
Moore et al. 1953 [39]	USA	1951–1952	Hospital	M	ST	Oral (112), face (93)
Wynder et al. 1957 [40]	Sweden	1952–1955	Hospital	M	Chew	Oral (166), oesophagus (39), larynx (60)
Wynder and Bross 1957 [41]	USA	NA	Hospital	M	Chew	Oral (543)
Peacock et al. 1960 [42]	USA	1952–1958	Hospital	M+F	ST	Oral (45)
Lockwood 1961 [43]	Denmark	1942–1956	Population	M+F	ST	Bladder (282)
Wynder and Bross 1961 [44]	USA	1956–1959	Hospital	M	Chew	Oesophagus (150)
Vogler et al. 1962 [36]	USA	1956–1957	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff	Oral (228)
Vincent and Marchetta 1963 [45]	USA	NA	Hospital	M	Snuff	Oral (66), larynx (23)
Wynder et al. 1963 [46]	USA	1957–1960	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Bladder (300)
Bennington and Laubscher 1968 [47]	USA	1951–1956	Hospital	M	Chew	Kidney (88)
Dunham et al. 1968 [48]	USA	1958–1964	Hospital	M+F	ST	Bladder (493)
Martinez 1969 [49]	Puerto Rico	1966	Hospital, population	M+F	Chew	Oral (221), oesophagus (179)
Keller 1970 [50]	USA	1958–1962	Hospital	M	ST	Oral (314)
Cole et al. 1971 [51]	USA	1967–1968	Population	M+F	Chew, snuff	Bladder (470)
Bjelke et al. 1974 [52]	USA	NA	NA	NA	Chew	Colorectal (373), oesophagus (52), stomach (83)
	Norway	NA	NA	NA	Chew	Colorectal (278), stomach (228)
Armstrong et al. 1976 [53]	UK	1972–1974	Hospital	M	ST	Kidney (96)
Browne et al. 1977 [54]	UK	1957–1971	Population	M+F	Chew	Oral (75)
Williams and Horm 1977 [55]	USA	1969–1971	Hospital	M+F	ST	Many types (7,518)^e
Wynder and Stellman 1977 [56]	USA	1969–1975	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (593), bladder (589), larynx (387), lung (1,051), oesophagus (183)
Engzell et al. 1978 [57]	Sweden	1961–1971	Population	M	Snuff	Nose (36)
Howe et al. 1980 [58]	Canada	1974–1976	Population	M	Chew	Bladder (480)
Westbrook et al. 1980 [59]	USA	1955–1975	Hospital	F	Snuff	Oral (55)
Pottern et al. 1981 [60]	USA	1975–1977	Decedent	M	Chew, snuff	Oesophagus (120)
Winn et al. 1981 [61]	USA	1975–1978	Hospital	F	Snuff	Oral (255)
Mommsen and Aagaard 1983 [62]	Denmark	1977–1980	Population	M	Chew	Bladder (165)
Wynder et al. 1983 [63]	USA	1977–1980	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (414)
Brinton et al. 1984 [64]	USA	1970–1980	Hospital, decedent	M+F	Chew, snuff, ST	Nose (160)
McLaughlin et al. 1984 [65]	USA	1974–1979	Population	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Kidney (313)
Hartge et al. 1985 [66]	USA	1977–1978	Population	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Bladder (2,240)
Weinberg et al. 1985 [67]	USA	1978–1980	Decedent, population	M	Chew	Stomach (178)
Goodman et al. 1986 [68]	USA	1977–1983	Hospital	M+F	Chew	Kidney (267)
Kabat et al. 1986 [69]	USA	1976–1983	Hospital	F	Snuff	Bladder (152)
Stockwell and Lyman 1986 [70]	USA	1982	Population	M+F	ST	Oral (1,462), nose (92), larynx (161)
Young et al. 1986 [71]	USA	4 yr period	Hospital	M+F	ST	Oral (317), larynx (179)
Lindquist et al. 1987 [72]	Sweden	1980–1983	Population	M	Snuff	Leukaemia (76)
Asal et al. 1988 [73]	USA	1981–1984	Hospital, population	M	Snuff	Kidney (209)
Blot et al. 1988 [74]	USA	1984–1985	Population	M+F	ST	Oral (1,114)
Falk et al. 1988 [75]	USA	1979–1983	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff	Pancreas (363)
Morris Brown et al. 1988 [76]	USA	1982–1984	Population	M	ST	Oesophagus (207)
Slattery et al. 1988 [77]	USA	1977–1983	Population	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Bladder (332)
Spitz et al. 1988 [78]	USA	1985–1987	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (185)^f
Burch et al. 1989 [79]	Canada	1979–1982	Population	M	Chew, snuff	Bladder (627)
Franco et al. 1989 [80]	Brazil	1986–1988	Hospital	M+F	ST	Oral (232)
Zahm et al. 1989 [81]	USA	1976–1982	Population	M	ST	Soft tissue sarcoma (133)
Farrow et al. 1990 [82]	USA	1982–1986	Population	M	Chew	Pancreas (148)
Blomqvist et al. 1991 [83]	Sweden	NA	Hospital	M+F	Snuff	Oral (61)
Ghadirian et al. 1991 [84]	Canada	1984–1988	Population	M+F	Chew	Pancreas (179)
Maden et al. 1992 [85]	USA	1985–1989	Population	M	ST	Oral (131)
Marshall et al. 1992 [86]	USA	1975–1983	Population	M+F	Chew	Oral (290)
Morris Brown et al. 1992 [87]	USA	1981–984	Population	M	ST	Leukaemia (578)
Morris Brown et al. 1992 [88]	USA	1981–1984	Population	M	ST	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (622)
Sterling et al. 1992 [89]	USA	1986	Population	M+F	Snuff, ST	All cancer (459,792), oral (6,976), all digestive (109,514)
Mashberg et al. 1993 [90]	USA	1972–1989	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (359)
Perry et al. 1993^g	USA	About 1992	Hospital	M+F	ST	Oral (133)
Spitz et al. 1993 [92]	USA	1987–1991	Hospital	M+F	Chew	Oral (108)^f
Chow et al. 1994 [93]	USA	1985–1997	Population	M	Chew	Bile duct (49)
Hansson et al. 1994 [94]	Sweden	1989–1992	Population	M+F	Chew, snuff	Stomach (338)
Hardell et al. 1994 [95]	Sweden	1974–1978	Population	M	Snuff	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (105)
Hayes et al. 1994 [96]	USA	1986–1989	Population	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Prostate (981)
Kabat et al. 1994 [97]	USA	1977–1990	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff	Oral (1,560)
Bundgaard et al. 1995 [98]	Denmark	1986–1990	Population	M+F	Chew	Oral (161)
McLaughlin et al. 1995 [99]	5 countries^h	1989–1991	Population	M+F	ST	Kidney (1,732)
Muscat et al. 1995 [100]	USA	1977–1993	Hospital	M	Chew	Kidney (543)
Muscat et al. 1997 [101]	USA	1985–1993	Hospital	M	Chew, snuff	Pancreas (290)
Lewin et al. 1998 [102]	Sweden	1980–1989	Population	M	Snuff	Oral (266), larynx (157), oesophagus (122)
Muscat and Wynder 1998 [103]	USA	1977–1980	Hospital	M+F	Chew, ST	Oral (128)
Schildt et al. 1998 [104]	Sweden	1980–1989	Population	M+F	Chew, snuff, ST	Oral (410)
Schwartz et al. 1998 [105]	USA	1990–1995	Population	M	ST	Oral (165)
Yuan et al. 1998 [106]	USA	1986–1994	Population	M+F	ST	Kidney (1,204)
Ye et al. 1999 [107]	Sweden	1989–1995	Population	M+F	Chew, snuff	Stomach (514)
Lagergren et al. 2000 [108]	Sweden	1995–1997	Population	M+F	Snuff	Oesophagus (189), stomach (429)
Zheng et al. 2001 [109]	USA	NA	Population	M+F	Chew, snuff	Brain (375)
Schroeder et al. 2002 [110]	USA	1980–1982	Population	M	Chew, snuff, ST	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (182)
Alguacil and Silverman 2004 [111]	USA	1986–1989	Population	M+F	ST	Pancreas (526)
Bracci and Holly 2005 [112]	USA	1988–1993	Population	M	ST	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (725)
Rosenquist et al. 2005 [113]	Sweden	2000–2004	Population	M+F	Snuff	Oral (132)
Hassan et al. 2007 [114]	USA	2000–2006	Hospital	M+F	Chew, snuff, ST	Pancreas (808)

^aNA = not available. ^bM = male, F = female, M+F = both sexes. Studies of both sexes with results reported only for males are shown as M. ^cOnly exposures for which results are available are shown. ^dOral (oropharyngeal) is defined as in Weitkunat et al. 2007 [4] to include any of the following sites: buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, gingival, gum/palate, lip, oral cavity/mouth, pharynx/alveolus, tongue, tonsils, salivary glands and oral unspecified. This reference also shows the actual sites included for most of the studies included here. For other cancers, more precise definitions of site or histology are given, where relevant, in the tables presenting the findings. Numbers of cases are totals for the sexes specified. Numbers of cases exposed to ST are shown in the tables presenting results by site. ^eResults were presented for the following 'known tobacco-related' sites: oral (298 cases), oesophagus (72), larynx (119), lung (931) and bladder (306), with comparisons made with all other 'non-related' sites. Results were also presented for various non-related sites: stomach (266), small intestine (19), colon (722), rectum (339), liver (45), gall bladder/bile duct (81), pancreas (224) breast (1,177), cervix (266), uterus (38), ovary (180), vulva (31), prostate (531), male genitalia (53), kidney (126), connective tissue (84), melanoma (99), nervous system (136), thyroid gland (94), lymphosarcoma (121), Hodgkin's disease (84), other lymphomas (33), multiple myeloma (86), leukaemia (172) and other or unknown primaries (385), with comparisons made with all other non-related sites combined. ^fIncludes larynx cancer. ^g"Attributable oral cancer risk due to smokeless tobacco use based on a case-control study at Sinai Hospital in Detroit"; Perry et al., unpublished. Cited by Gross et al. 1995 [91]. ^hAustralia, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and USA. ST = smokeless tobacco.
Lee and Hamling BMC Medicine 2009 7:36 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-36

Table 2