Table 3 |
||
| Similarities in immunoinflammatory pathways between encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis (ED/MS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) | ||
| Immunoinflammatory pathways | ED/MS | ME/CFS |
| Raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines, for example, interleukin (IL) 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α | ✓ | ✓ |
| Increased nuclear factor κB | ✓ | ✓ |
| Increased cyclo-oxygenase 2 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Raised IL-2 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Raised IL-10 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Raised transforming growth factor β | ✓ | ✓ |
| Coexistence of a T helper (Th)1 and Th2 response | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elevated osteopontin levels | ✓ | ✓ |
| Temporal variation in cytokine profile | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elevated neopterin | ✓ | ✓ |
| T regulatory (Treg) dysfunction | ✓ | ✓ |
| Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) dysfunction | ✓ | ✓ |
| Clonal exhaustion of T cells | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elevated CD26 | ✓ | ✓ |
| CD69 expression | ↑ | ↓ |
| Low natural killer cell activity | ✓ | ✓ |
| Chronic activation of immunoinflammatory pathways | ✓ | ✓ |
Morris and Maes
Morris and Maes BMC Medicine 2013 11:205 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-205
