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Table 1
Selection of imaging findings in psychiatric illness
Psychiatric illness	Subgroup/genotype	Imaging feature	Sample	Imaging method	Reference
Major depressive disorder		• Reduced activity in frontal lobes	Various	PET, fMRI, EEG, SPECT	[351]
		• Reduced HPC volumes	Meta-analyses	MRI	[352,353]
		• Greater reduction in HPC volume with increased duration of untreated MDD	38 male outpatients	MRI	[354]
		• Increased baseline activity in pulvinar nuclei bilaterally	Meta-analysis	PET and SPECT	[343]
		• Increased amygdala, dorsal ACC, and insular response to negative stimuli compared with healthy controls	Meta-analysis	Task-based fMRI	[343]
		• Reduced dlPFC and dorsal striatum response to negative stimuli compared with healthy controls	Meta-analysis	Task-based fMRI	[343]
	5-HTTLPR -S or Lg allele:	Increased amygdala reactivity to masked emotional faces; correlated to lifetime psychiatric hospitalization in MDD	35MDD, 32 controls	fMRI	[355]
	5-HTTLPR -S or Lg allele:	Increased bilateral amygdala activation after emotional stimuli (allele effects are additive)	27 MDD on medication	fMRI	[356]
	5-HT1A - 1019G allele:		27 MDD on medication	fMRI	[356]
	5-HTTLPR- L/L:	Reduced HPC volumes compared with controls	40 MDD, 40 controls	MRI	[357]
Late onset (LO) MDD	5-HTTLPR- L/L:	Reduced HPC volumes compared with S/L or S/S genotypes	63 LO MDD, 72 EO MDD, 83 controls	MRI	[358]
Early onset (EO) MDD	5-HTTLPR -S allele:	Reduced HPC volumes compared with left allele carriers
Bipolar disorder		• Increased size of lateral ventricles (right ventricle only in [359])	Meta-analyses	CT and MRI	[359-361]
		• Increased number of deep white-matter hyperintensities	Meta-analyses	CT and MRI	[360-363]
		• Increased number of subcortical gray-matter hyperintensities	Meta-analysis	MRI	[362]
		• Increased activity in limbic structures (left side only in [364])	Meta-analyses	fMRI and PET	[364,365]
		• Reduced activity in frontal structures (vlPFC and dlPFC [364])	Meta-analyses	fMRI and PET	[364,365]
	Pediatric population:	• Reduced amygdala volume	Meta-analyses	MRI	[365,366]
Schizophrenia		• Reduced frontal-lobe activity at rest and during task activation	Meta-analysis	MRI, PET	[367,368]
		• Increased lateral ventricular size	Meta-analyses	CT and MRI	[369,370]
		• Increased D2 dopamine receptor density	Meta-analysis	PET and SPECT	[371]
		• Reduced frontal gray matter	Meta-analyses	MRI	[372,373]
	SZ:	• Reduced bilateral HPC volume relative to controls	Meta-analyses	MRI	[374-376]
	nonpsychotic 1^st deg family:	• Reduced bilateral HPC volume relative to controls	Meta-analysis	MRI	[370]
	BDNF 66Val/Val carriers:	• Reduced activation of the cingulate, lateral PFC and lateral parietal regions during verbal memory task	58 high-risk subjects (first-degree or second-degree family with SZ)	fMRI	[377]

+/−A, alcohol abuse positive/negative subjects; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; Cho, choline; CT, computed tomography; DA, dopamine; dlPFC, dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; EO, early onset; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; ¹H-MRS, proton MR spectroscopy; HPC, hippocampal; LO, late onset; MDD, major depressive disorder; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; parahippocampal gyrus; PET, positron emission tomography; Tx, treated; vlPFC, ventral-lateral pre-frontal cortex; vmPFC, ventral-medial pre-frontal cortex.

Ozomaro et al.

Ozomaro et al. BMC Medicine 2013 11:132 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-132

Table 1