Table 1

Oral vaccines associated with diminished immunogenicity or efficacy in developing country populations

Oral vaccine

Target ages at which diminished immunogenicity or protection was observed

Geographic locations where observed

References

Sabin polio vaccine strains

Infants, toddlers, preschool children, school-age children

India, sub-Saharan Africa

[25-33]

RIT 4237 rotavirus

Infants

Gambia

[36]

Rotashield rotavirus vaccine (10⁴ plaque forming unit dosage)

Infants

Brazil and Peru

[37,125]

Rotarix attenuated rotavirus

Infants

Malawi, South Africa, Bangladesh

[38]

Rotateq pentavalent attenuated rotavirus

Infants

Ghana, Kenya, Mali

[39]

MMU18006 (monovalent Rhesus rotavirus strain)

Infants

Pakistan

[40]

CVD 103-HgR live cholera strain

24-59 months; 5-9 years; adults

Indonesia, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador

[41-43,64]

Dukoral non-living cholera vaccine (killed V. cholerae O1 plus B subunit)

1-12 years

Nicaragua

[45]

SC602 attenuated Shigella flexneri strain

Toddlers and school age children

Bangladesh

[46,47]

Levine BMC Biology 2010 8:129   doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-129