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Open AccessHighly AccessResearch article

Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe

David M Brown1 email, Rick A Brenneman2 email, Klaus-Peter Koepfli1 email, John P Pollinger1 email, Borja Milá1 email, Nicholas J Georgiadis3 email, Edward E Louis Jr2 email, Gregory F Grether1 email, David K Jacobs1 email and Robert K Wayne1 email

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 3701 South 10th Street, Omaha, NE 68107, USA

Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya

author email corresponding author email

BMC Biology 2007, 5:57doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57

Published: 21 December 2007

Additional files

Additional file 1:

Table showing giraffe sampling localities and sample sizes for mtDNA characterization with resulting mtDNA control region haplotypes

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Additional file 2:

Figure showing maximum parsimony phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)

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Additional file 3:

Figure showing maximum parsimony phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting

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Additional file 4:

Figure showing minimum evolution phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)

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Additional file 5:

Figure showing minimum evolution phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting

Format: DOC Size: 26KB Download file

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Additional file 6:

Figure showing maximum likelihood phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted with okapi (Okapia johnstoni)

Format: DOC Size: 26KB Download file

This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer

Additional file 7:

Figure showing maximum likelihood phylogeny of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mtDNA haplotypes, rooted using midpoint rooting

Format: DOC Size: 25KB Download file

This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer

Additional file 8:

Table of AMOVA results according to subspecific groupings

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Additional file 9:

Table of sample sizes, number of mitochondrial haplotypes and molecular diversity indices per sampling locality and subspecies

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Additional file 10:

Table of sampling locations (six historical subspecies, 30 sample sites, 381 individuals) for microsatellite characterization

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Additional file 11:

Table of summary statistics for microsatellite data (381 specimens, all populations and pelage subspecies)

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Additional file 12:

Tables showing (A) observed and expected heterozygosity, and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in six giraffe subspecific populations, and (B) observed and expected heterozygosity, and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in 16 giraffe populations

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Additional file 13:

Tables showing (A) posterior probability population assignments of 381 Individuals, based on assignment to pelage/subspecies designations using STRUCTURE [19], and (B) subspecies assignment of 381 individuals, based on assignment to pelage/subspecies designations, using multilocus genotypes and Bayesian analysis (Rannala and Mountain method in Geneclass2 [46,47])

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Additional file 14:

Table of STRUCTURE [23] cluster results identify three possible subspecies hybrids, four population hybrids within the same subspecies and one possible population migrant within the same subspecies

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Additional file 15:

Figure showing STRUCTURE [19] cluster assignments of detected giraffe hybrids

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Additional file 16:

Tables showing (A) pairwise Fst values and statistical significance for the six giraffe subspecies; (B) pairwise values for Nei's genetic distance among six giraffe subspecies; (C) G.c. angolensis (Angolan) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (D) G.c. reticulata (Reticulated) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (E) G.c. rothschildi (Rothschild's) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; (F) G.c. tippelskirchi (Masai) population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance; and (G) G.c. tippelskirchi (Masai) Serengeti N.P. population pairwise comparison Fst values and statistical significance

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Additional file 17:

Table showing migration rates among giraffe subspecies

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Additional file 18:

Table of primer sequences and amplification characteristics of Giraffa camelopardalis microsatellite locus NECK484

Format: DOC Size: 28KB Download file

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Additional file 19:

Figure showing likelihood values for inferred number of genetic clusters (K) from STRUCTURE [23] (three iterations per value of K)

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Additional file 20:

Table of overall Fis values per subspecies, and per population

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Additional file 21:

Table of Mantel test of isolation by distance results (correlation of genetic distance (Fst/(1-Fst) with geographic distance)

Format: DOC Size: 24KB Download file

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Additional file 22:

Table of AMOVA using microsatellite data results

Format: DOC Size: 55KB Download file

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