Table 1 |
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Overview and abbreviations of anatomical structures associated with the zebra finch syrinx. |
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English term |
Latin terma |
Brief anatomical description |
Figure(s) |
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bronchial half-ring (B1, B2, B3) |
cartilago bronchosyringealis (App. Resp. 42) |
Paired, ossified, irregularly-shaped cartilage. Located at the rostral end of the primary bronchus. Modified bronchial cartilage. |
2, Additional file 1, 4 |
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bronchial half-ring (B4, B5...) |
cartilago bronchialis (App. Resp. 52) |
Paired, ossified, C-shaped cartilage. Forms the lateral, ventral and dorsal walls of the primary bronchus. |
2, Additional file 1, 4 |
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clavicular air sac (CAS) |
saccus clavicularis (App. Resp. 81) |
Unpaired, air-filled sac surrounding the syrinx. Located in-between the clavicles. |
12 |
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clavicular air sac membrane (CASM) |
membrana sacci clavicularii (present study) |
Membrane surrounding clavicular air sac and interbronchial foramen. Provides attachment for various muscles. |
8, 9, 12 |
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deep dorsal syringeal muscle (DDS) |
musculus syringealis dorsalis profundus (present study) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tympanum and to bronchial half-ring B2. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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deep ventral tracheobronchial muscle (DVTB) |
musculus tracheobronchialis ventralis profundus (present study) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tympanum and to bronchial half-ring B3. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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dorsal syringeal muscle |
musculus syringealis dorsalis (App. Resp. 51) |
This muscle is divided into three parts: the medial dorsal syringeal muscle, the lateral dorsal syringeal muscle and the deep dorsal syringeal muscle. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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dorsal tracheobronchial muscle (DTB) |
musculus tracheobronchialis dorsalis (App. Resp. 51) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to clavicular air sac membrane and to bronchial half-ring B2. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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interbronchial foramen (IBF) |
foramen interbronchiale (App. Resp. 46) |
Unpaired, air-filled sac. Located between the bifurcation of the trachea and the interbronchial ligament. A diverticulum of the clavicular air sac. |
6, 9 |
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interbronchial ligament (IBL) |
ligamentum interbronchiale (App. Resp. 46) |
Unpaired connective tissue element. Located caudal to the bifurcation of the trachea as well as the interbronchial foramen. Connects left and right primary bronchus. |
7 - 9 |
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lateral dorsal cartilage (LDC) |
cartilago dorsalis lateralis (present study) |
Paired cartilaginous pad. Embedded dorsally within the medial tympaniform membrane. |
7, Additional file 2 |
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lateral dorsal syringeal muscle (LDS) |
musculus syringealis dorsalis lateralis (present study) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tracheal rings T3 and T4 as well as to bronchial half-ring B1. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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lateral labium (LL) |
labium laterale (App. Resp. 49) |
Paired connective tissue element. Projects from the medial part of bronchial half-ring B3 into the airway of the syrinx. |
7, Additional file 2 |
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lateral ventral cartilage (LVC) |
cartilago ventralis lateralis (present study) |
Paired cartilaginous pad. Ventrally continuous with bronchial half-ring B3. Provides attachment for the superficial ventral tracheobronchial muscle. |
7, Additional file 2 |
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medial dorsal cartilage (MDC) |
cartilago dorsalis medialis (present study) |
Paired cartilaginous pad. Embedded dorsally within the medial tympaniform membrane. Provides attachment for the medial dorsal syringeal muscle. |
7, Additional file 2 |
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medial dorsal syringeal muscle (MDS) |
musculus syringealis dorsalis medialis (present study) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tracheal rings T3 and T4 as well as to the medial dorsal cartilage. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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medial labium (ML) |
labium mediale (App. Resp. 49) |
Paired connective tissue element. Projects from the lateral wall of the pessulus into the airway of the syrinx. Forms a tissue continuum with the medial tympaniform membrane. |
7, Additional file 2 |
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medial tympaniform membrane (MTM) |
membrana tympaniformis medialis (App. Resp. 48) |
Paired connective tissue element. Suspended between the free ends of bronchial half-rings B1, B2 and B3. Forms a tissue continuum with the medial labium. |
7 |
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medial ventral cartilage (MVC) |
cartilago ventralis medialis (present study) |
Paired cartilaginous pad. Ventrally continuous with bronchial half-ring B2. Embedded ventrally within the medial tympaniform membrane. Provides attachment for the ventral syringeal muscle. |
7, Additional file 2, 10 |
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medial vibratory mass (MVM) |
corpus vibratorius medialis (present study) |
Paired tissue continuum consisting of medial labium and medial tympaniform membrane. |
7 |
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pessulus (PES) |
pessulus (App. Resp. 43) |
Unpaired, ossified cartilage. Located at the caudal end of the tympanum. Derived from the fusion of two bronchial half-rings. |
2, 3 |
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primary bronchus (PBR) |
bronchus primarius (App. Resp. 52) |
Paired tube composed of soft and hard tissue. Connects the trachea with the secondary bronchus that is located within the lungs. |
6 |
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short tracheobronchial muscle (STB) |
musculus tracheobronchialis brevis (App. Resp. 51) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tympanum and to bronchial half-ring B2. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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sternotracheal muscle (ST) |
musculus sternotrachealis (App. Resp. 50) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tracheal ring T1 and to a protrusion of the sternum close to the coracoid. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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superficial ventral tracheobronchial muscle (SVTB) |
musculus tracheobronchialis ventralis superficialis (present study) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tracheal rings T4 and T5 as well as to bronchial half-ring B3. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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trachea (TRA) |
trachea (App. Resp. 36) |
Unpaired tube composed of numerous tracheal rings connecting the larynx to the lungs. |
1, 2, 6, 10 |
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tracheal ring (T1, T2...) |
cartilago trachealis (App. Resp. 36) |
Unpaired, ossified cartilage. The trachea is composed of numerous tracheal rings. |
2, 3 |
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tracheolateral muscle (TL) |
musculus tracheolateralis (App. Resp. 50) |
Paired muscle. Forms an extended band along the trachea. Attaches caudally to the syrinx and rostrally to the larynx. |
9 |
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tympanum (TYM) |
tympanum (App. Resp. 39) |
Unpaired, ossified cylinder. Located at the caudal end of the trachea. Formed by the close apposition or fusion of four to six tracheal rings and one paired bronchial half-ring. |
2, 3 |
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ventral syringeal muscle (VS) |
musculus syringealis ventralis (App. Resp. 51) |
Paired muscle. Attaches to tympanum and to the medial ventral cartilage. |
Additional file 2, 8 |
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ventral tracheobronchial muscle (not used here) |
musculus tracheobronchialis ventralis (App. Resp. 51) |
This muscle is divided into two parts: the superficial ventral tracheobronchial muscle and the deep ventral tracheobronchial muscle. |
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Structural components are presented in alphabetical order. The abbreviations of the English terms provided here are used throughout the manuscript. aApp. Resp. refers to the chapter Apparatus Respiratorius by King [72] in Baumel and colleagues [130], while the numbers indicate the respective section of that chapter. |
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Düring et al. BMC Biology 2013 11:1 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-11-1 |
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