Table 3

Summary of 25 papers reviewed
Country [Ref] Year(s)	Brief Description	Study Type	Change in FVC*

Bringing immunizations closer to the community

Kenya [11] Unknown	Providing outreach immunization services in schools along with dissemination of information about immunizations by students	Trial with evaluation before and after	28% and 32% §
India [6] 1975–1988	Supporting immunization activities in the community by using local women to provide health information and track immunizations	Trial with comparison groups	n/a**
Papua New Guinea [12] 1983–1987	Improving access to immunizations by providing vaccinations at lower level health facilities (health posts) by trained Aid Post Orderlies	Trial with comparison group	n/a
Nigeria [13] 1984–1986	Providing immunizations at more locations and more convenient times in combination with parent education ‡	Trial with evaluation before and after	38%
Mozambique [15,16] 1985–1987	Visiting homes to mobilize the community and refer unvaccinated children to services while providing regular pulse outreach	Trial with evaluation before and after	-4%, 32%, 33% and 14% § ∥
South Africa [8] 1987–1988	Conducting home visits using village health workers who retain visit records ‡	Trial with evaluation before and after	n/a
Bangladesh [7] 1987–1988	Following-up defaulters using low-literacy urban volunteers	Observational	n/a
Ghana [9] 1991–1992	Visiting homes to refer families to services using non-health workers ‡	Trial with comparison groups	19%
Mozambique [14] 1994	Providing outreach services to areas affected by conflict	Observational	n/a
Mexico [10] 1994	Identifying children needing vaccines through home visits by community members	Trial with comparison groups	42%

Using information dissemination to increase demand for vaccination

The West Bank [19] 1985–1996	Developing staffed village-resource rooms	Observational	n/a
Philippines [17] 1989–1990	Communicating measles information through a mass media campaign ‡	Trial with evaluation before and after	11%
Bangladesh [18] 1995	Advocating, by an NGO credit program, for women to utilize immunization services ‡	Observational	n/a

Changing practices in fixed sites

Sudan [21] Unknown	Moving vaccination locations closer to the consulting room or having physicians give an immunization "prescription" after curative care	Observational	n/a
Nigeria [22] 1982	Reorganizing health centers to include a quick immunization line	Trial with evaluation before and after	18%
Mexico [23] 1991	Screening hospitalized children for vaccination status and immunizing those not up-to-date	Observational	n/a
Ethiopia [20] 1991–1992	Using reminder stickers to reduce dropout in fixed facilities along with health education ‡	Trial with comparison groups	n/a

Using innovative management practices

Papua New Guinea [26] 1982–1984	Creating a reporting system based on updated catchment area and target population data, including regular feedback	Trial with evaluation before and after	n/a
Nicaragua [29,30] 1985	Providing food incentives to improve attendance at well child clinics (mobile and fixed) ‡	Trial with evaluation before and after	n/a
Bolivia [25] 1992–1994	Using data and community information to develop appropriate programs	Trial with comparison groups	70%
Indonesia [27] 1993–1994	Training nurses in under-performing health centers using low-cost on-the-job peer training ‡	Trial with comparison groups	n/a
Cambodia [24] 1997–2000	Using contractors to increase immunization coverage and equity ‡	Trial with comparison groups	13% and 1%¶
Madagascar [28] 2000	Using auto-disable syringes for increasing safety and reducing missed opportunities	Trial with comparison groups	n/a

* The change in fully vaccinated children (FVC) may not be comparable across papers as duration of intervention, baseline coverage, and populations vary. For trials with comparison groups, the term "change" represents the difference between groups, whereas for trials with before-and-after evaluations this term represents the change over time. ** n/a indicates that the change in FVC is not reported in the paper. ‡ Paper reported a statistically significant change for vaccination results (α < 0.05). § Results for areas reported separately. ∥ Change in FVC before and after intervention in multiple areas. ¶Two different contracting methods were evaluated.
Ryman et al. BMC Health Services Research 2008 8:134 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-134