|
Crude and adjusted effect estimates of socioeconomic and demographic, quality of life, and health-related factors on seeking in the past 12 months (1) any DC vs. GP care only and (2) DC only vs. both GP and DC care: Results from logistic regression analyses among Canadian respondents from the Joint Canada/US Survey of Health, 2002–03 |
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| Any DC vs. GP Care Only (n = 2882) |
DC Only vs. GP+DC Care (n = 448) |
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| Adjusted effect estimates |
Adjusted effect estimates |
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| Variable |
Category |
Crude OR |
Model 1* OR |
95% CI |
Model 2† OR |
95% CI |
Crude OR |
Model 1* OR |
95% CI |
Model 2† OR |
95% CI |
|
|
|||||||||||
| Age (Years) |
18–44 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| 45–64 |
0.86 |
0.83 |
(0.64, 1.07) |
0.85 |
(0.66, 1.11) |
0.29 |
0.29 |
(0.11, 0.73) |
0.34 |
(0.12, 0.94) |
|
| ≥ 65 |
0.49 |
0.49 |
(0.36, 0.67) |
0.68 |
(0.44, 1.04) |
0.18 |
0.17 |
(0.05, 0.61) |
0.18 |
(0.05, 0.71) |
|
| Per 10 years |
0.90 |
0.90 |
(0.82, 0.90) |
1.00 |
(0.90, 1.00) |
0.60 |
0.61 |
(0.45, 0.74) |
0.61 |
(0.45, 0.82) |
|
| Sex |
Female |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Male |
1.06 |
1.05 |
(0.83, 1.31) |
1.03 |
(0.82, 1.30) |
4.55 |
4.65 |
(2.19, 9.87) |
3.63 |
(1.67, 7.90) |
|
| Race/ethnicity |
White only |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Other/multiple |
0.65 |
0.62 |
(0.44, 0.87) |
0.61 |
(0.42, 0.87) |
1.15 |
1.12 |
(0.46, 2.76) |
1.29 |
(0.53, 3.16) |
|
| Education |
No H.S. degree |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| H.S. degree |
1.52 |
1.32 |
(0.92, 1.90) |
1.42 |
(0.98, 2.06) |
0.73 |
0.48 |
(0.17, 1.40) |
0.61 |
(0.20, 1.85) |
|
| Some college |
1.28 |
1.09 |
(0.73, 1.60) |
1.19 |
(0.80, 1.77) |
0.66 |
0.61 |
(0.22, 1.65) |
0.78 |
(0.26, 2.36) |
|
| 4-year degree |
1.58 |
1.40 |
(0.97, 2.02) |
1.52 |
(1.05, 2.20) |
0.29 |
0.23 |
(0.08, 0.70) |
0.30 |
(0.09, 1.00) |
|
| Marital status |
Married |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Was married |
0.77 |
0.92 |
(0.68, 1.25) |
0.93 |
(0.67, 1.29) |
0.25 |
0.49 |
(0.13, 1.86) |
0.51 |
(0.14, 1.84) |
|
| Single |
0.87 |
0.77 |
(0.56, 1.07) |
0.73 |
(0.52, 1.01) |
2.70 |
1.84 |
(0.82, 4.10) |
1.55 |
(0.65, 3.70) |
|
| Income (adjusted for household size) |
Highest quint. |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Upper middle |
0.84 |
0.81 |
(0.56, 1.16) |
0.80 |
(0.55, 1.16) |
1.43 |
1.63 |
(0.51, 5.23) |
1.56 |
(0.50, 4.90) |
|
| Middle |
0.71 |
0.70 |
(0.48, 1.04) |
0.71 |
(0.47, 1.07) |
2.11 |
2.23 |
(0.64, 7.79) |
1.93 |
(0.51, 7.25) |
|
| Lower middle |
0.79 |
0.83 |
(0.57, 1.22) |
0.84 |
(0.56, 1.27) |
2.33 |
2.82 |
(0.88, 8.97) |
2.45 |
(0.70, 8.59) |
|
| Lowest quint. |
0.44 |
0.49 |
(0.32, 0.73) |
0.49 |
(0.30, 0.80) |
1.76 |
2.34 |
(0.64, 8.55) |
2.15 |
(0.46, 9.96) |
|
| Main income source |
Employment |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Other |
0.62 |
0.78 |
(0.55, 1.12) |
0.76 |
(0.53, 1.11) |
0.38 |
0.86 |
(0.30, 2.45) |
0.92 |
(0.33, 2.52) |
|
| HUI |
Per 0.1 unit |
0.99 |
0.97 |
(0.93, 1.02) |
0.95 |
(0.90, 1.00) |
1.25 |
1.12 |
(0.90, 1.40) |
1.12 |
(0.89, 1.41) |
| Self-rated health |
Excellent |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Very good |
0.93 |
0.96 |
(0.71, 1.30) |
1.01 |
(0.74, 1.37) |
0.51 |
0.58 |
(0.26, 1.29) |
0.58 |
(0.26, 1.30) |
|
| Good |
0.76 |
0.88 |
(0.63, 1.23) |
0.95 |
(0.67, 1.34) |
0.55 |
0.76 |
(0.29, 1.98) |
0.70 |
(0.24, 2.03) |
|
| Fair or poor |
0.83 |
1.03 |
(0.68, 1.56) |
1.11 |
(0.65, 1.87) |
0.08 |
0.11 |
(0.01, 0.86) |
0.09 |
(0.01, 0.66) |
|
| Depression (past year) |
1+ episodes |
1.06 |
0.96 |
(0.64, 1.44) |
0.95 |
(0.61, 1.47) |
0.33 |
0.38 |
(0.08, 1.73) |
0.39 |
(0.08, 2.04) |
| Mental health (past year) |
1+ visits |
1.34 |
1.25 |
(0.90, 1.74) |
1.23 |
(0.87, 1.74) |
‡ |
‡ |
‡ |
||
| Emotional problems |
Happy in life |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Not happy |
0.75 |
0.76 |
(0.56, 1.03) |
0.70 |
(0.50, 0.99) |
1.10 |
1.64 |
(0.61, 4.40) |
2.80 |
(0.93, 8.44) |
|
| Chronic conditions (lifetime history) |
Asthma |
1.15 |
1.07 |
(0.76, 1.52) |
1.12 |
(0.78, 1.61) |
0.81 |
0.67 |
(0.21, 2.12) |
0.81 |
(0.25, 2.68) |
| Arthritis |
1.08 |
1.37 |
(1.02, 1.83) |
1.33 |
(0.98, 1.82) |
‡ |
‡ |
‡ |
|||
| Hypertension |
0.53 |
0.62 |
(0.45, 0.86) |
0.65 |
(0.46, 0.91) |
0.15 |
0.26 |
(0.05, 1.35) |
0.30 |
(0.06, 1.58) |
|
| Emphysema |
0.84 |
0.99 |
(0.39, 2.52) |
1.02 |
(0.39, 2.72) |
‡ |
‡ |
‡ |
|||
| Diabetes |
0.65 |
0.79 |
(0.44, 1.42) |
0.77 |
(0.42, 1.42) |
0.15 |
0.25 |
(0.03, 2.43) |
0.25 |
(0.02, 2.97) |
|
| Heart disease |
0.72 |
0.90 |
(0.53, 1.50) |
0.96 |
(0.57, 1.61) |
0.18 |
0.33 |
(0.04, 2.60) |
0.46 |
(0.05, 3.88) |
|
| CHD |
0.58 |
0.72 |
(0.28, 1.80) |
0.74 |
(0.29, 1.88) |
0.66 |
1.60 |
(0.25, 10.30) |
1.89 |
(0.18, 20.44) |
|
| Angina |
0.42 |
0.57 |
(0.28, 1.15) |
0.61 |
(0.29, 1.27) |
‡ |
‡ |
‡ |
|||
| 1 or more |
0.84 |
1.03 |
(0.80, 1.33) |
1.05 |
(0.80, 1.37) |
0.14 |
0.19 |
(0.07, 0.56) |
0.20 |
(0.06, 0.67) |
|
| Per condition |
0.88 |
0.96 |
(0.85, 1.08) |
0.97 |
(0.85, 1.10) |
0.29 |
0.34 |
(0.15, 0.78) |
0.36 |
(0.14, 0.91) |
|
| Pain/activity limits |
No pain |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Pain |
1.46 |
1.58 |
(1.20, 2.07) |
1.92 |
(1.34, 2.76) |
0.30 |
0.38 |
(0.14, 1.00) |
0.30 |
(0.07, 1.18) |
|
| Activity restrictions |
Never |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Sometimes |
1.33 |
1.41 |
(1.09, 1.84) |
1.43 |
(1.08, 1.89) |
0.35 |
0.38 |
(0.16, 0.92) |
0.39 |
(0.16, 0.96) |
|
| Often |
0.96 |
1.05 |
(0.73, 1.51) |
1.06 |
(0.66, 1.72) |
0.50 |
0.61 |
(0.19, 1.95) |
0.56 |
(0.13, 2.54) |
|
| Back/neck problems |
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Disabling |
2.27 |
2.37 |
(1.76, 3.19) |
2.38 |
(1.73, 3.29) |
0.20 |
0.18 |
(0.06, 0.58) |
0.19 |
(0.07, 0.56) |
|
| Smoking status |
Never |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Past |
1.12 |
1.15 |
(0.88, 1.50) |
1.20 |
(0.91, 1.57) |
0.23 |
0.24 |
(0.08, 0.72) |
0.22 |
(0.07, 0.64) |
|
| Current |
1.02 |
0.94 |
(0.69, 1.27) |
0.96 |
(0.70, 1.32) |
2.61 |
2.77 |
(1.29, 5.95) |
2.13 |
(0.97, 4.65) |
|
| Body weight |
Under/normal |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Overweight |
1.12 |
1.14 |
(0.88, 1.48) |
1.11 |
(0.85, 1.44) |
0.81 |
0.60 |
(0.27, 1.34) |
0.55 |
(0.25, 1.22) |
|
| Obese |
0.99 |
0.97 |
(0.69, 1.36) |
0.97 |
(0.69, 1.37) |
0.46 |
0.24 |
(0.07, 0.83) |
0.24 |
(0.07, 0.83) |
|
| Physical activity (past 3 months) |
Active |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Moderate |
0.91 |
0.95 |
(0.70, 1.29) |
0.96 |
(0.70, 1.31) |
1.09 |
1.71 |
(0.67, 4.38) |
1.56 |
(0.61, 4.02) |
|
| Inactive |
0.95 |
1.02 |
(0.77, 1.35) |
0.99 |
(0.74, 1.32) |
1.60 |
2.25 |
(0.93, 5.45) |
1.75 |
(0.71, 4.33) |
|
| Activity frequency (past 3 months) |
Regular |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Occasional |
1.15 |
1.16 |
(0.85, 1.58) |
1.17 |
(0.86, 1.60) |
1.09 |
0.85 |
(0.28, 2.62) |
0.82 |
(0.27, 2.50) |
|
| Infrequent |
0.81 |
0.91 |
(0.65, 1.28) |
0.81 |
(0.56, 1.17) |
2.29 |
3.74 |
(1.62, 8.66) |
2.42 |
(0.89, 6.60) |
|
| Hospitalization (past year) |
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| 1 or more |
0.70 |
0.75 |
(0.51, 1.11) |
0.74 |
(0.49, 1.10) |
0.64 |
0.89 |
(0.22, 3.53) |
1.11 |
(0.26, 4.70) |
|
| Prescriptions (past month) |
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| 1 or more |
0.76 |
0.85 |
(0.67, 1.09) |
0.86 |
(0.67, 1.10) |
0.13 |
0.19 |
(0.07, 0.49) |
0.21 |
(0.08, 0.57) |
|
| Medications (past 2 days) |
Per medication |
0.92 |
0.96 |
(0.86, 1.07) |
0.96 |
(0.85, 1.08) |
0.19 |
0.25 |
(0.09, 0.68) |
0.26 |
(0.10, 0.65) |
| Unmet needs (past year) |
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Any |
1.06 |
1.01 |
(0.72, 1.41) |
1.00 |
(0.70, 1.43) |
0.86 |
0.78 |
(0.30, 2.05) |
1.02 |
(0.34, 3.08) |
|
| Regular doctor (past year) |
No |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Yes |
0.79 |
0.88 |
(0.60, 1.29) |
0.95 |
(0.65, 1.40) |
0.16 |
0.24 |
(0.10, 0.56) |
0.25 |
(0.10, 0.63) |
|
| Health care quality (past year) |
Excellent |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Good |
1.22 |
1.20 |
(0.93, 1.55) |
1.24 |
(0.96, 1.60) |
2.10 |
2.21 |
(0.93, 5.25) |
2.08 |
(0.83, 5.20) |
|
| Fair or poor |
1.40 |
1.39 |
(0.98, 1.98) |
1.36 |
(0.94, 1.95) |
2.49 |
2.01 |
(0.70, 5.75) |
2.12 |
(0.68, 6.61) |
|
| Health care satisfaction (past year) |
Very satisfied |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Somewhat sat. |
1.00 |
0.97 |
(0.76, 1.25) |
0.99 |
(0.77, 1.28) |
1.69 |
1.69 |
(0.73, 3.90) |
1.55 |
(0.65, 3.72) |
|
| Not satisfied |
1.38 |
1.31 |
(0.93, 1.84) |
1.25 |
(0.88, 1.78) |
2.81 |
2.38 |
(0.92, 6.16) |
1.96 |
(0.72, 5.32) |
|
| Quality of MD care (past year) |
Excellent |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Good |
1.24 |
1.27 |
(0.96, 1.68) |
1.23 |
(0.92, 1.63) |
1.17 |
1.36 |
(0.32, 5.82) |
1.66 |
(0.39, 7.06) |
|
| Fair or poor |
2.16 |
2.21 |
(1.41, 3.47) |
2.25 |
(1.42, 3.58) |
1.41 |
1.36 |
(0.28, 6.57) |
1.47 |
(0.35, 6.19) |
|
| Satisfaction of MD care (past year) |
Very satisfied |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
||||
| Somewhat sat. |
1.17 |
1.16 |
(0.87, 1.56) |
1.17 |
(0.87, 1.58) |
1.12 |
1.10 |
(0.23, 5.33) |
1.18 |
(0.23, 5.98) |
|
| Not satisfied |
1.83 |
1.72 |
(1.09, 2.71) |
1.65 |
(1.02, 2.66) |
1.76 |
1.56 |
(0.30, 8.05) |
1.51 |
(0.35, 6.46) |
|
|
* Estimated effects adjusted for age (18–44, 45–64, 65+ years), sex, and race/ethnicity (white only, other/multiple races or ethnicities). †Estimated effects adjusted for age (18–44, 45–64, 65+ years), sex, race/ethnicity (white only, other/multiple races or ethnicities), education (no high school degree, high school degree or GED, some college, 4-year college degree or certificate), main source of income (employment, other sources), and health-related quality of life (Health Utility Index score [continuous]). ‡Odds ratio not shown because of singularities in data for fitting model. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; GP = general practitioner or family doctor; DC = Doctor of Chiropractic; HUI = Health Utility Index; CHD = coronary heart disease; MD = medical doctor. | |||||||||||
Hurwitz and Chiang BMC Health Services Research 2006 6:49 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-6-49 |
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