Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Mutation analysis of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 in atypical fibroxanthoma

BMC Dermatology volume 9, Article number: 1 (2009) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) histologically mimics high-grade sarcoma in the skin, although it follows a benign clinical course. AFX occurs in the sun-exposed skin and for this reason, an association with ultraviolet light has long been suspected. Bax and Gadd45 are p53 effector proteins. Bax is a programmed cell death protein and belongs to the Bcl-2 family. Gadd45 is a multifunctional DNA damage-inducible gene associated with the process of DNA damage.

Methods

Immunohistochemical expression of Bax was analyzed in 7 cases of AFX, and in 7 cases of benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) used as a comparison. The expression pattern of Bax was compared to previously reported p53 and Gadd45 expressions in a correspondent series. Mutation of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 was also analyzed in AFX.

Results

AFX and BFH showed immunoreactivities respectively for Bax (3/7, 0/7), Gadd45 (4/7, 1/7) and p53 (2/7, 0/7). There was no exact correlation between p53 expression and Bax or Gadd45 expression. However, the pattern of expression between Bax and Gadd45 was also the same, with the exception of one case. No mutation of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 was observed in a series of 6 AFX cases where DNA was available (0/6).

Conclusion

These results suggest a possible association between Bax and Gadd45 in AFX, and may refute any possibility of dysfunction of Gadd45 in terms of gene mutation, at least at exon 4 of the Gadd45 gene.

Peer Review reports

Background

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a nodular ulcerative lesion arising from the sun-exposed skin of the head and neck, typically in the elderly [1, 2]. Solar elastosis associated with UV-radiation has been commonly observed in AFX cases [3]. Association between AFX and ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been suspected. On the other hand, in its less common forms with weakened association with UV, AFX occurs on the extremities and the trunk [1, 2]. AFX is composed of spindle, plump, epithelioid and bizarre cells, in various proportions, arranged in haphazard, vaguely fascicular or storiform patterns. These histological features of AFX mimic those of high-grade sarcoma, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma or leiomyosarcoma [2, 4], which occurs deep within soft tissue.

The tumor-suppressor protein p53 is a transcriptional activator which is involved in cell-cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis and chromosome/genome instability. UV-induced p53 gene mutations occurring at dipyrimidine sites have been demonstrated in AFX, suggesting a central role for UV radiation in the pathogenesis of AFX [5]. These p53 functions are mediated through its transcriptional target (effector) proteins, such as Bax and Gadd45 (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible) [6].

Bax is a pro-PCD (programmed cell death) protein and belongs to the Bcl-2 family [7]. Furthermore, Bax is important for p53-dependent PCD [8, 9]. Gadd45 is a DNA damage-responsive gene that is rapidly induced by agents that cause DNA damage, including UV radiation. Gadd45 is a multifunctional protein which has roles to play in cell-cycle arrest, genomic stability, nucleotide excision repair, chromatin accessibility and apoptosis [10–12]. Although mutation of the Gadd45 gene is not common in tumors [13, 14], some research has been reported showing that point mutations of Gadd45 gene at exon 4 were found in 13.6% of pancreatic cancer cases, suggesting the possibility that Gadd45 is dysfunctional in this tumor type [15]. We have previously reported the expression of Gadd45 in a series of AFX without mutation analysis [16].

In the current study, we evaluate the immunoexpression pattern of Bax in AFX. The existence of a mutation at exon 4 of the Gadd45 gene is also examined in order to refute the possibility of any dysfunction of Gadd45, regardless of its expression. We also discuss the correlation of immunoexpression among Bax, Gadd45 and p53 in the correspondent cases. We use benign fibrous histiocytoma (BHF), or dermatofibroma, as the comparison. BHF is a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor composed of a mixture of fibroblastic and histiocytic cells, most commonly seen in the dermis and superficial subcutis [2].

Methods

Cases of AFX and BFH

Seven cases of AFX and seven cases of BFH as a comparison were collected from the histopathological files at the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University. The BFH cases were collected at random. These cases of AFX and BFH for Bax immunohistochemical analysis were exactly the same cases as those used for p53 immunohistochemical analysis in a previous report [17]. As for Gadd45 immunohistochemical analysis, although the cases were also the same as those used in our previous study [16], a few of those earlier cases were omitted from the current study, due to a lack of sufficient available materials. In the current study, an association among the expression of Bax, Gadd45 and p53 was compared in the correspondent cases. The research was performed under the approval of the Department of Anatomic Pathology and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyushu University. Patients were informed that resected tumor samples might be used for research analysis. The explanation and the consensus were recorded on their medical charts. The research was performed ethically, in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. In addition, the study was performed anonymously in order to protect the identity of the patients.

Immunohistochemical staining

Four-micron-thick histological sections of 10% formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded materials were deparaffinized. After dehydration, endogenous peroxidase was blocked by methanol containing 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min. The sections were incubated with the primary antibody at 4°C overnight, followed by reaction with the streptavidin-biotin complex method using an SAB-PO kit (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan). The sections were then finally reacted in a 3,3'diaminobenzidine, peroxytrichloride substrate solution and counterstained with hematoxylin or methyl green. The antibody used in this study was gout polyclonal antibody for Bax. Its dilution was 1:200 for anti-Bax (P-19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Specimens were pretreated by heating in a microwave oven. Immunoexpression results of Gadd45 (H165-X; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) [16] and p53 (PAb1801, Oncogene Research Products, San Diego, CA, USA) [17] have been reported previously.

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue DNA extraction

DNA was extracted from a paraffin-embedded tissue section as follows. Paraffin was removed with xylene, and then the sample was washed twice with 100% ethanol and subsequently dried. The tissue was suspended in digestion buffer (100 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloric acid, 25 mM EDTA, and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate) containing 10 mg proteinase K, before being incubated overnight at 55°C. DNA, precipitated by adding twice the volume of ethanol, was washed with 70% ethanol, before being resuspended in TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 nM EDTA) for storage at 4°C.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing

A fragment of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 was amplified by PCR. The PCR primers used were 5'-TTTGTTTCCAGAATCCACATTC-3' (sense) and 5'-AAAACTTCAGTGCAATTTGG-3' (antisense). The PCR was run in 35 cycles consisting of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 56°C for 45 sec, and extension at 72°C for 1 min. The amplified PCR fragments were purified by Purification System (BenevBio, Mission Viejo, CA). After the purification, direct sequencing was carried out by the dideoxy chain termination method using a Perkin Elmer ABI 3100 sequence analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Antisense primer was used as the sequencing primer.

Assessment of immunoreactivity

Neoplastic cells that showed distinct nuclear or cytoplasmic staining, depending on the antibodies used, were considered positive. Positive cut-off values for each type of immunoexpression were adopted as follows; more than 10% for Bax in the nuclei [18], more than 25% for Gadd45 in the cytoplasm [19], and more than 5% for p53 in the nuclei [17].

Statistical analysis

The data regarding immunohistochemistry were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Clinical features

The clinical features are listed in Table 1. The average ages (in years) of patients with these lesions were as follows; AFX (n = 7; average age, 66.0; range, 46–84) and BFH (n = 7; average age, 29.6; range, 18–38). AFX showed a male-female predominance of 6 to 1. BFH occurred in 2 males and 5 females. AFX occurred on the sun-exposed skin of the scalp (1 case), face (1 case), auricle (2 cases) and finger (2 cases) in 6 cases, while it occurred on the leg in the other one case. BFH occurred at various sites of the trunk and the extremities (chest wall, 1 case; back, 1 case; thighs, 2 cases; forearm, 1 case; and legs, 2 cases) but none of these lesions occurred on sun-exposed parts. No recurrence was observed among these 7 AFX and 7 BFH cases.

Table 1 Clinical and immunohistochemical features of AFX and BFH
Full size table

Histological features

AFX is a nodular ulcerative lesion composed of various proportions of a mixture of spindle and pleomorphic cells, arranged in a haphazard or disorderly pattern (Figure 1). The BFH cases were located in the dermis or the superficial subcutis. BFH consisted of fibroblastic cells and histiocytic cells arranged in short interlacing fascicles or a vague storiform pattern. The tumor cells of BFH demonstrated no pleomorphism.

Figure 1
figure 1

Atypical fibroxanthoma demonstrates the proliferation of atypical spindle or polygonal cells arranged in fascicles, in a haphazard or disorderly pattern. (A). Atypical fibroxanthoma shows positive nuclear immunoreaction for Bax (B). (H&E staining, A; × 180, Immunohistochemistry, B; × 200).

Full size image

Immunohistochemical findings

Immunohistochemical data are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The immunohistochemical data of Gadd45 [16] and p53 [17] in AFX and BFH have been reported previously. AFX showed positive expression of Bax in 3 cases (3/7; 43%), of Gadd45 in 4 cases (4/7; 57%) and of p53 in 3 cases (2/7; 29%) among a total of 7 cases. As for BFH, Bax (07; 0%), Gadd45 (1/7; 14%) and p53 (0/7; 0%) expressions were virtually absent in the 7 BFH cases, with the exception of 1 case that showed Gadd45 expression (1/7; 14%). The expression pattern of Bax and Gadd45 was also the same, with 3 cases positive for both and 3 cases negative for both, the one exception being one AFX case which was positive for Gadd45, but negative for Bax. Therefore, it seemed that there was a correlation in the expression between Bax and Gadd45 in the AFX cases. On the other hand, there seemed to be no correlation between p53 expression, and the expression of Bax or Gadd45. The frequency of Bax in AFX (3/7; 43%) was statistically higher than that in BFH (0/7; 0%) (p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in Gadd45 and p53 expression between the AFX and BFH cases (p > 0.05).

Table 2 Immunohistochemical features of atypical fibroxanthoma and benign fibrous histiocytoma
Full size table

Mutation of Gadd45 at exon 4

Mutation of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 was not observed in the series of 6 AFX cases where DNA was available (0/6; 0%), regardless of Gadd45 immunoexpression.

Discussion

AFX typically occurs on the head and neck of sun-exposed skin. This fact has long suggested a role for sun exposure in the tumorigenesis of AFX. UV radiation from sunlight is an important risk factor for skin cancer [20]. UV-induced p53 gene mutations occurring at dipyrimidine sites have been demonstrated in AFX, suggesting a central role for UV radiation in the pathogenesis of AFX [5, 17]. p53 protein is a key regulator for cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by DNA damage [21]. Therefore Bax and Gadd45 are the central downstream effectors of p53 [6]. It has been reported that low doses of UV-radiation induced a rapid p53 accumulation followed by a decrease which was correlated with a transient cell-cycle withdrawal and presumably also DNA repair [22]. The association between decreased DNA repair ability and AFX may be supported by a report showing that patients with xeroderma pigmentosum had AFX, and it is known that xeroderma pigmentosum is related to DNA repair defects [23, 24]. On the other hand, high and sustained levels of p53 were observed after a high dose of UV-radiation in cells undergoing apoptosis [22]. Therefore, regulation of p53 target genes was highly dependent upon the radiation dose used, with high doses inducing only Bax and Gadd45 expression [22]. In the current study, it seemed that there was a correlation between Bax and Gadd45 in these AFX cases. These associations of Bax and Gadd45 noted in AFX may be consistent with p53 effector upregulation against UV radiation, although there seemed to be no correlation between p53 expression, and the expression of Bax or Gadd45.

Bax expression has been reported to be associated with histological grade [25] and unfavorable prognosis [26] in ovarian tumors. In the current study, Bax was expressed in about 50% of the AFX cases. The frequency of Bax expression in AFX was significantly higher than that in BFH. This difference suggests the essential difference between the two lesions. Bax is a pro-PCD (programmed cell death) protein and belongs to the Bcl-2 family [7]. As far as we are concerned, there have been no reports presenting a direct comparison between AFX and BFH in terms of apoptotic behavior. However, it has been reported that apoptotic behavior in AFX is as high as that in high-grade sarcoma of MFH [27]. In addition, another research article has reported that there is a significant difference between MFH and BFH [28]. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the apoptotic behavior of AFX is higher than that of BFH. Moreover, the expression of Bax in AFX may reflect apoptotic behavior.

We have previously reported the expression of Gadd45 in a series of AFX, in which mutation of the Gadd45 gene was not analyzed [16]. Gadd45 gene mutation is uncommon in human tumors [13, 14]. However, point mutations were found at exon 4 of the Gadd45 gene in 13.6% of pancreatic cancer cases, thereby suggesting that the possible dysfunction of Gadd45 plays a role in tumor development in certain types of tumors [15]. In the current study, no mutation of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 was seen in a series of AFX, regardless of the immunohistochemical expression of Gadd45. This result may refute any possibility of dysfunction of Gadd45 in terms of gene mutation, at least at exon 4 of the Gadd45 gene.

AFX untypically occurs outside the head and neck region, such as in the extremities. The site-specific difference of AFX between the head and neck region and other regions is not well known. In the current series, 4 out of 7 cases occured in the head and neck region, while 3 cases occured in the extremities of the fingers and the leg. The expression of Gadd45 in AFX was more frequent than that in BFH, which was also true for the expression of Bax; BFH rarely demonstrated Gadd45 or Bax expression. Bax expression was seen in 1 out of 4 AFX cases in the head and neck region (25%), but in 2 out of 3 AFX cases (67%) in the extremities. On the other hand, Gadd45 expression was seen in 2 out of 4 in the head and neck region (50%), but in 2 out of 3 cases in the extremities (67%). It might be possible that the expression of Bax or Gadd45 in AFX is more prominent in the extremities, rather than in the head and neck region. Namely, the expression of Bax or Gadd45 in AFX may differ in a site-specific manner, possibly reflecting its pathogenesis. Further study will be needed in order to characterize the site-specific difference of AFX.

It remains controversial whether AFX and MFH are actually the same entity, or not. It seems that AFX and MFH share histological and immunological features. A histiocytic/macrophage marker, CD68, is positive in more than half of all AFX cases [29, 30]. CD10 has been expressed in almost all cases of MFH, as well as in cases of AFX [16, 31]. However, the number of AFX cases with moderate/strong or diffuse immunoreactivity for CD99 is significantly larger than that of MFH cases [32]. Reduced immunoexpression for CD74 in AFX may be characterized compared to that in MFH [33]. From a molecular aspect, AFX is characterized by a diploid pattern, while the majority of chromosomal changes in MFH are of an aneuploid pattern [34, 35]. H-, K-, and N-ras gene mutations are not present in AFX, whereas MFH has H- and K-ras gene mutations, although only a small number of cases was studied [36]. In contrast to MFH, AFX is strongly associated with UV radiation in its pathogenesis. The formation of DNA photoproducts by UV radiation has been reported to be responsible for the development of skin cancer [37]. DNA photoproducts can interfere with the binding of several important cell-cycle regulatory and DNA damage-responsive transcription factors [37]. It has been reported that the accumulation of DNA photoproducts may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AFX [17]. It is also possible that AFX and MFH share the same pathway which determines their morphology, but that AFX and MFH may have different pathways of biological behavior which determine their clinical behavior.

Conclusion

In the current study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expressions of the p53 effector proteins of Bax and Gadd45 in AFX. Possible association between Bax and Gadd45 without gene mutation at exon 4, was observed. This result may refute any possibility of dysfunction of Gadd45 in terms of gene mutation, at least at exon 4 of the Gadd45 gene.

References

  1. Dahl I: Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. A clinico-pathological study of 57 cases. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 1976, 84: 183–197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Enzinger FM, Weiss SW: Soft tissue tumors. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fretzin DF, Helwig EB: Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of 140 cases. Cancer 1973, 31: 1541–1552. Publisher Full Text 10.1002/1097-0142(197306)31:6<1541::AID-CNCR2820310635>3.0.CO;2-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Calonje E, Wadden C, Wilson-Jones E, Fletcher CD: Spindle-cell non-pleomorphic atypical fibroxanthoma: analysis of a series and delineation of a distinctive variant. Histopathology 1993, 22: 247–254. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00114.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dei Tos AP, Maestro R, Doglioni C, Gasparotto D, Boiocchi M, Laurino L, Fletcher CD: Ultraviolet-induced p53 mutations in atypical fibroxanthoma. Am J Pathol 1994, 145: 11–17.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Ko LJ, Prives C: p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev 1996, 10: 1054–1072. 10.1101/gad.10.9.1054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kirkin V, Joos S, Zornig M: The role of Bcl-2 family members in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1644: 229–249. 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2003.08.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yin C, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Van Dyke T: Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo. Nature 1997, 385: 637–640. 10.1038/385637a0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Xiang H, Kinoshita Y, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Schwartzkroin PA, Morrison RS: Bax involvement in p53-mediated neuronal cell death. J Neurosci 1998, 18: 1363–1373.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang XW, Zhan Q, Coursen JD, Khan MA, Kontny HU, Yu L, Hollander MC, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr, Harris CC: GADD45 induction of a G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96: 3706–3711. 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hollander MC, Sheikh MS, Bulavin DV, Lundgren K, Augeri-Henmueller L, Shehee R, Molinaro TA, Kim KE, Tolosa E, Ashwell JD, et al.: Genomic instability in Gadd45a-deficient mice. Nat Genet 1999, 23: 176–184. 10.1038/13802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Harkin DP, Bean JM, Miklos D, Song YH, Truong VB, Englert C, Christians FC, Ellisen LW, Maheswaran S, Oliner JD, Haber DA: Induction of GADD45 and JNK/SAPK-dependent apoptosis following inducible expression of BRCA1. Cell 1999, 97: 575–586. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80769-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Blaszyk H, Hartmann A, Sommer SS, Kovach JS: A polymorphism but no mutations in the GADD45 gene in breast cancers. Hum Genet 1996, 97: 543–547. 10.1007/BF02267084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Campomenosi P, Hall PA: Gadd45 mutations are uncommon in human tumour cell lines. Cell Prolif 2000, 33: 301–306. 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2000.00187.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yamasawa K, Nio Y, Dong M, Yamaguchi K, Itakura M: Clinicopathological significance of abnormalities in Gadd45 expression and its relationship to p53 in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002, 8: 2563–2569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Iwamoto Y: Expression of the UV-induced molecule, Gadd45, in atypical fibroxanthoma. Histopathology 2007, 50: 939–941. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02685.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Itakura E, Oshiro Y, Nikaido O, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M: Immunoexpression of ultraviolet photoproducts and p53 mutation analysis in atypical fibroxanthoma and superficial malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Mod Pathol 2001, 14: 581–588. 10.1038/modpathol.3880354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gessner C, Liebers U, Kuhn H, Stiehl P, Witt C, Schauer J, Wolff G: BAX and p16INK4A are independent positive prognostic markers for advanced tumour stage of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2002, 19: 134–140. 10.1183/09031936.02.00219402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhu XQ, Shi YF, Cheng XD, Zhao CL, Wu YZ: Immunohistochemical markers in differential diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma and cellular leiomyoma. Gynecol Oncol 2004, 92: 71–79. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.08.038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Aragane Y, Kulms D, Metze D, Wilkes G, Poppelmann B, Luger TA, Schwarz T: Ultraviolet light induces apoptosis via direct activation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) independently of its ligand CD95L. J Cell Biol 1998, 140: 171–182. 10.1083/jcb.140.1.171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ: Surfing the p53 network. Nature 2000, 408: 307–310. 10.1038/35042675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Latonen L, Taya Y, Laiho M: UV-radiation induces dose-dependent regulation of p53 response and modulates p53-HDM2 interaction in human fibroblasts. Oncogene 2001, 20: 6784–6793. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dilek FH, Akpolat N, Metin A, Ugras S: Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin and the lower lip in xeroderma pigmentosum. Br J Dermatol 2000, 143: 618–620. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03721.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Weedon D, Strutton G: Skin Pathology. 2nd edition. London: Elsevier Science; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lee H, Park G, Jung JH, Ahn WS, Lee JM, Kim BK, Kang CS: Diagnostic approach using the expression profiling of the P53 tumor suppressor gene and its related proteins in ovarian epithelial tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005, 15: 453–461. 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.15308.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Marx D, Binder C, Meden H, Lenthe T, Ziemek T, Hiddemann T, Kuhn W, Schauer A: Differential expression of apoptosis associated genes bax and bcl-2 in ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 1997, 17: 2233–2240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Westermann FN, Langlois NE, Simpson JG: Apoptosis in atypical fibroxanthoma and pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1997, 19: 228–231. 10.1097/00000372-199706000-00005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Osaki M, Osaki M, Yamashita H, Shomori K, Yoshida H, Ito H: Expression of minichromosome maintenance-2 in human malignant fibrous histiocytomas: Correlations with Ki-67 and P53 expression, and apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2002, 10: 161–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Smith-Zagone MJ, Prieto VG, Hayes RA, Timperman WW Jr, Diwan AH: HMB-45 (gp103) and MART-1 expression within giant cells in an atypical fibroxanthoma: a case report. J Cutan Pathol 2004, 31: 284–286. 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00173.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hultgren TL, DiMaio DJ: Immunohistochemical staining of CD10 in atypical fibroxanthomas. J Cutan Pathol 2007, 34: 415–419. 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00635.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Weedon D, Williamson R, Mirza B: CD10, a useful marker for atypical fibroxanthomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2005, 27: 181. 10.1097/01.dad.0000150766.74493.19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hartel PH, Jackson J, Ducatman BS, Zhang P: CD99 immunoreactivity in atypical fibroxanthoma and pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a useful diagnostic marker. J Cutan Pathol 2006, 33: 24–28. 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00492.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lazova R, Moynes R, May D, Scott G: LN-2 (CD74). A marker to distinguish atypical fibroxanthoma from malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Cancer 1997, 79: 2115–2124. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970601)79:11<2115::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-N

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Worrell JT, Ansari MQ, Ansari SJ, Cockerell CJ: Atypical fibroxanthoma: DNA ploidy analysis of 14 cases with possible histogenetic implications. J Cutan Pathol 1993, 20: 211–215. 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb00645.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Oshiro Y, Fukuda T, Tsuneyoshi M: Atypical fibroxanthoma versus benign and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. A comparative study of their proliferative activity using MIB-1, DNA flow cytometry, and p53 immunostaining. Cancer 1995, 75: 1128–1134. Publisher Full Text 10.1002/1097-0142(19950301)75:5<1128::AID-CNCR2820750512>3.0.CO;2-H

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Itakura E, Oshiro Y, Tamiya S, Honda Y, Ishihara A, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M: H-, K-, and N-ras gene mutation in atypical fibroxanthoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Hum Pathol 2001, 32: 1225–1231. 10.1053/hupa.2001.28953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tommasi S, Swiderski PM, Tu Y, Kaplan BE, Pfeifer GP: Inhibition of transcription factor binding by ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers. Biochemistry 1996, 35: 15693–15703. 10.1021/bi962117z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

The English used in this manuscript was revised by Miss K. Miller (Royal English Language Centre, Fukuoka, Japan).

There has been no specific funding for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Akio Sakamoto, Shizuka Akieda & Yukihide Iwamoto

  2. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Yoshinao Oda & Masazumi Tsuneyoshi

Authors
  1. Akio Sakamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shizuka Akieda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yoshinao Oda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yukihide Iwamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Masazumi Tsuneyoshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akio Sakamoto.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

AS drafted the manuscript. AS and SA carried out the mutation analysis. YO participated in the design of the study. YI and MT conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sakamoto, A., Akieda, S., Oda, Y. et al. Mutation analysis of the Gadd45 gene at exon 4 in atypical fibroxanthoma. BMC Dermatol 9, 1 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-9-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-9-1

Keywords

BMC Dermatology

ISSN: 1471-5945

Contact us