Table 2

Change in outcome measures between baseline and 3 weeks – group differences.

OUTCOME MEASURE

MEAN

SD

LOWER C.I. (95%)

UPPER C.I. (95%)

SIGNIFICANCE*

VAS (Average)

FairMed

-0.8

1.8

-1.5

-0.1

0.83

TENS

-0.7

1.4

-1.3

-0.1

PSE

FairMed

1.9

7.8

-1.0

4.8

0.21

TENS

4.4

7.5

1.5

7.4

TSK

FairMed

-1.8

5.8

-4.0

0.3

0.94

TENS

-2.0

7.7

-5.0

1.1

PCS

FairMed

-1.6

5.4

-3.6

0.4

0.84

TENS

2.0

7.7

-5.0

1.1

ODI

FairMed

-0.6

8.7

-3.8

2.7

0.85

TENS

-0.9

5.1

-3.0

1.1

HAD-A

FairMed

-1.4

2.7

-2.4

-0.4

0.14

TENS

-0.3

3.0

-1.4

0.9

HAD-D

FairMed

-0.2

2.0

-1.0

0.5

0.49

TENS

-0.6

1.9

-1.3

0.1

Sit to Stand

FairMed

1.0

2.1

0.1

1.8

0.90

TENS

1.0

2.2

0.1

1.9

Stairs

FairMed

0.4

1.9

-0.4

1.1

0.81

TENS

0.5

1.0

0.1

0.9

Walk Distance

FairMed

3.1

41.4

-12.6

18.9

0.58

TENS

9.1

39.2

-6.4

24.6

SD (Standard Deviation).

C.I. (Confidence Interval).

VAS (Visual Analogue Scale).

PSE (Pain Self-Efficacy).

TSK (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia).

PCS (Pain Catastrophising Scale).

ODI (Oswestry Disability Index).

HADS-A (Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale – Anxiety).

HADS-D (Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale – Depression).

(* p-value from One-Way ANOVA on mean change scores across treatments).

Barker et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008 9:97   doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-97