|
Primary outcomes at baseline and follow-up. |
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| Group |
||||
| Primary outcome measures |
Stretching – mean (SD) |
Control – mean (SD) |
Adjusted mean difference between groups (95% CI) |
P-value |
|
|
||||
| 'First-step' pain* |
||||
| Baseline |
70.9 (± 23.0) |
75.8 (± 19.1) |
||
| Follow-up |
51.1 (± 29.1) |
62.5 (± 29.5) |
||
| Mean change |
-19.8 (± 26.0) |
-13.2 (± 25.2) |
-7.9 (-18.3 to 2.6) |
0.138 |
| Foot painΨ |
||||
| Baseline |
34.0 (± 21.5) |
31.7 (± 17.8) |
||
| Follow-up |
50.9 (± 23.1) |
50.8 (± 26.4) |
||
| Mean change |
16.9 (± 20.4) |
19.2 (± 21.6) |
-1.6 (-10.1 to 6.9) |
0.709 |
| Foot functionΨ |
||||
| Baseline |
56.3 (± 24.5) |
58.2 (± 24.0) |
||
| Follow-up |
72.4 (± 23.6) |
66.4 (± 26.2) |
||
| Mean change |
16.2 (± 19.5) |
8.3 (± 18.5) |
7.3 (-0.1 to 14.8) |
0.052 |
| General foot healthΨ |
||||
| Baseline |
30.8 (± 21.7) |
31.5 (± 24.4) |
||
| Follow-up |
37.3 (± 25.9) |
43.3 (± 29.0) |
||
| Mean change |
6.5 (± 20.8) |
11.7 (± 20.7) |
-5.4 (-13.8 to 3.1) |
0.211 |
|
* Measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (0 to 100 mm – 0 is no pain and 100 is the worst pain). Ψ Measured using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (0 to 100 – 0 is the worst foot health and 100 is the best foot health) Note: The Foot Health Status Questionnaire is 'reverse-scored' compared to the Visual Analogue Scale. In the results above, the negative adjusted mean difference between groups in improvement for the comparison of 'first-step' pain favours stretching because it has lower pain. In comparison, a positive score for the Foot Health Status Questionnaire domains favours the stretching group | ||||
Radford et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2007 8:36 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-36 |
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