Table 4

Postural changes observed in TAO patients and implications of these changes

Basic structure

Related organ

Description of the alteration

Axes

Potential effects

Head

Eyes

Elevation, tilted

X, Y, Z

postural alignment [196,197]

Neck

Rotated, tilted, extended or flexed

X, Y, Z

dorsal muscles [198] ocular torticolis [96,97]

Nose

Tilted

Y, Z

Retro nasal space?

Mouth

Tilted

Y

Jaw [199]

Face

Asymmetry

Head holding [200]

Neck

Trunk

Rotated

Y

Lymphatics, posture [200,201]

Trunk and abdomen

Rotated Increase of the intra-abdominal pressure

Y

Foot angle [62] Pelvic girdle pain [202]

Leg

Pelvis Gluteus m.

Rotated

Y

Hip sway Transversus abdominis [190] Altered femoral control [203]

Ankle

Shank Hip

Reduced range of motion

X, Y, Z

Instability [204], Sway Sensory changes and hypermobility [205,206] Altered hip load – unload [126] Hip weakness [207]

Feet

shank

Lateral displacement

Y, Z

Tightness of lateral calf muscles [156]

Feet

Sole

Asymmetry

Y

Posture information [155] Influence on retroocular muscles [55]

Foot to head

Whole body

Posture asymmetry [208]

Moncayo and Moncayo BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2007 8:17   doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-17