Table 2

Multivariate logistic regression models of cocaine only and opiate only and both cocaine and opiate overdose deaths among all accidental drug decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*

Cocaine only overdose deaths
 Opiate only overdose deaths
 Cocaine and opiate overdose deaths

Adjusted
 Adjusted
 Adjusted
Characteristics
 OR
 95 CI
 OR
 95 CI
 OR
 95 CI
Sex





     Female
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     Male
 0.77
 0.68–0.87
 1.22
 1.08–1.38
 1.05
 0.94–1.17
Race/ethnicity





     White
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     Black
 3.23
 2.85–3.67
 0.36
 0.32–0.41
 0.94
 0.84–1.04
     Hispanic
 1.37
 1.19–1.58
 0.78
 0.69–0.87
 1.06
 0.94–1.18
Age





     15–24
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     25–34
 1.41
 1.07–1.88
 0.68
 0.54–0.84
 1.15
 0.93–1.43
     35–44
 1.35
 1.02–1.78
 0.86
 0.69–1.06
 0.98
 0.80–1.21
     45–54
 1.81
 1.36–2.41
 0.92
 0.73–1.15
 0.73
 0.58–0.91
     55–64
 2.95
 2.09–4.17
 0.80
 0.58–1.09
 0.49
 0.36–0.67
Borough of death





     Manhattan
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     Bronx
 1.02
 0.89–1.17
 1.13
 0.99–1.28
 0.90
 0.80–1.02
     Brooklyn
 1.04
 0.92–1.19
 1.46
 1.29–1.65
 0.70
 0.63–0.79
     Queens
 1.05
 0.89–1.24
 1.34
 1.15–1.55
 0.75
 0.66–0.86
     Staten Island
 1.28
 0.90–1.81
 1.30
 0.96–1.76
 0.67
 0.49–0.90
Place of OD episode





     Other inside (not residence)
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---

     Residence
 0.96
 0.84–1.10
 1.09
 0.96–1.23

     Outside
 1.27
 1.05–1.54
 0.86
 0.71–1.04

Cannabis detected





     no
 REF
 ---

REF
 ---
     yes
 0.85
 0.69–1.03

1.27
 1.08–1.49
Alcohol detected





     no
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     yes
 0.53
 0.48–0.59
 1.39
 1.26–1.53
 1.20
 1.10–1.32
Year of death





     1990
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
 REF
 ---
     1991
 1.25
 0.96–1.62
 0.80
 0.62–1.04
 0.99
 0.78–1.25
     1992
 1.12
 0.86–1.45
 0.77
 0.61–1.00
 1.12
 0.89–1.42
     1993
 0.80
 0.62–1.03
 0.81
 0.64–1.03
 1.39
 1.12–1.73
     1994
 0.98
 0.76–1.26
 0.76
 0.60–0.97
 1.27
 1.02–1.58
     1995
 0.74
 0.58–0.96
 1.00
 0.79–1.27
 1.23
 0.99–1.53
     1996
 1.01
 0.78–1.30
 1.05
 0.83–1.35
 0.95
 0.75–1.19
     1997
 0.90
 0.69–1.17
 1.34
 1.05–1.71
 0.82
 0.65–1.04
     1998
 0.85
 0.65–1.11
 1.03
 0.81–1.33
 1.10
 0.87–1.39
     1999
 0.85
 0.65–1.12
 1.21
 0.94–1.57
 0.94
 0.73–1.20
     2000
 0.74
 0.57–0.97
 1.31
 1.03–1.68
 0.96
 0.76–1.22

*analysis restricted to decedents with opiates-only, cocaine only, and both opiates and cocaine detected

Bernstein et al. BMC Public Health 2007 7:31   doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-31