Table 1

Characteristics and univariate comparisons of urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) concentration in 199 healthy subjects from Rio Grande de Sul

Characteristic
Category N (%)
1-OHPG (pmol/ml) median (IQR)
P-value [1]

Age quartile 1
<= 35
52 (26%)
1.90 (0.23–3.55)
0.027
Age quartile 2
>35
49 (25%)
1.90 (0.76–5.58)

Age quartile 3
>45
52 (26%)
3.65 (1.36–7.58)

Age quartile 4
>58
46 (23%)
1.55 (0.22–5.01)

Sex, N (%)
Males
98 (49%)
2.19 (1.02–4.95)
0.52

Females
101 (51%)
2.03 (0.06–7.23)

Residence, N (%)
Rural
35 (18%)
1.97 (0.76–7.49)
0.91

Urban
160 (82%)
2.16 (0.48–5.30)

Ever drink maté, N (%)
No
45 (23%)
1.02 (0.05–2.03)
0.0004

Yes
154 (77%)
2.70 (0.89–6.92)

Maté quartile 1
<100 mls/day
53 (27%)
1.01 (0.05–2.16)
0.0001
Maté quartile 2
>100 mls/day
66 (33%)
1.97 (0.33–5.58)

Maté quartile 3
>500 mls/day
38 (19%)
3.24 (1.40–8.15)

Maté quartile 4
>1000 mls/day
42 (21%)
4.06 (1.21–8.50)

Current tobacco smoker, N (%)
No
103 (52%)
1.14 (0.05–3.17)
<0.0001

Yes
96 (48%)
3.76 (1.52–8.57)

Ever regular tobacco smoker, N (%)
No
71 (36%)
1.14 (0.05–2.35)
<0.0001

Yes
128 (64%)
3.41 (1.09–7.88)

Urine cotinine, N (%)
0 (<1–10 ng/mL)
49 (25%)
0.89 (0.05–2.35)
<0.0001

1 (10–30)
41 (21%)
1.52 (0.05–4.00)


2,3,4 (30–500)
39 (20%)
1.40 (0.29–3.68)


5 (500–2000)
36 (18%)
4.89 (1.74–8.69)


6 (>2000)
34 (17%)
7.36 (2.66–7.36)

Smoke Exposure2
No
85 (43%)
1.14 (0.051–3.17)
<0.0001

Yes
114 (57%)
3.30 (1.40–8.15)

Ever prepare BBQ, N (%)
No
107 (54%)
2.03 (0.08–5.58)
0.31

Yes
92 (46%)
2.136 (0.92–6.22)

Prepared BBQ in the last week, N (%)
No
148 (74%)
2.09 (0.31–5.60)
0.63

Yes
51 (26%)
2.09 (0.76–6.60)

Prepare BBQ at least once a week, N (%)
No
145 (73%)
2.22 (0.33–5.84)
0.88

Yes
54 (27%)
1.94 (0.95–5.90)

Ever eat BBQ well done, N (%)
No
56 (28%)
2.09 (0.24–7.52)
0.82

Yes
143 (72%)
2.09 (0.57–5.58)

Ever drink beer, N (%)
No
126 (63%)
2.44 (0.30–6.92)
0.92

Yes
73 (37%)
2.03 (1.02–4.63)

Ever drink wine, N (%)
No
168 (84%)
2.22 (0.05–6.66)
0.62

Yes
31 (16%)
1.97 (1.27–3.30)

Ever drink cachaca, N (%)
No
165 (83%)
1.97 (0.33–5.39)
0.03

Yes
34 (17%)
3.46 (1.52–8.19)


[1] All P-values come from the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the two-sided normal approximation P, except cotinine and mate quartile p-values which came from the Kruskal-Wallis test.

[2] We defined smoke exposed subjects as subjects who are current tobacco smokers or have a cotinine value greater than category 1 (> 30 ng/mL).

Fagundes et al. BMC Cancer 2006 6:139   doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-139