Skip to main content
Download PDF

UCHL1 S18Y variant is a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease in Japan

BMC Neurology volume 12, Article number: 62 (2012) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

A recent meta-analysis on the UCHL1 S18Y variant and Parkinson’s disease (PD) showed a significant inverse association between the Y allele and PD; the individual studies included in that meta-analysis, however, have produced conflicting results. We examined the relationship between UCHL1 S18Y single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sporadic PD in Japan.

Methods

Included were 229 cases within 6 years of onset of PD, defined according to the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 357 inpatients and outpatients without neurodegenerative disease. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, smoking, and caffeine intake.

Results

Compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP, those with the AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.06 − 2.31). Compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y and the CC or CT genotype of SNCA SNP rs356220, those with the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y and the TT genotype of SNP rs356220 had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD; the interaction, however, was not significant. Our previous investigation found significant inverse relationships between smoking and caffeine intake and PD in this population. There were no significant interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and smoking or caffeine intake affecting sporadic PD.

Conclusions

This study reveals that the UCHL1 S18Y variant is a risk factor for sporadic PD. We could not find evidence for interactions affecting sporadic PD between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA SNP rs356220, smoking, or caffeine intake.

Peer Review reports

Background

The ubiquitin proteasome system regulates the degradation of key regulatory proteins as well as misfolded and damaged proteins [1]. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a 223-amino acid protein that belongs to the family of deubiquitinating enzymes known as UCHL1 − 5. UCHL1 is selectively and abundantly expressed in neurons, constituting 1–2 % of total soluble brain protein [2]. It is known to generate free monomeric ubiquitin from ubiquitin proproteins [3]. UCHL1 activity has been shown to be required for normal synaptic function: pharmacological suppression of UCHL1 significantly reduces monomeric ubiquitin levels and causes alterations in synaptic protein distribution and spine morphology [4].

The UCHL1 gene is located on chromosome 4p14. The S18Y variant arises due to a cytosine-to-adenine transversion at codon 18 of exon 3 (rs5030732). Ragland et al. [5] conducted a meta-analysis of published case–control studies concerning the UCHL1 S18Y variant and Parkinson’s disease (PD), which indicated a significant inverse association between the Y allele and PD under a recessive model using data from studies in populations of Asian ancestry and a similar significant inverse relationship under a dominant model using data from studies in populations of European ancestry. It is worth noting, however, that the 15 studies included in this meta-analysis [6–20] and another five recent studies that were not included in the meta-analysis [21–25] have produced conflicting results.

Here, we examined the relationship between UCHL1 S18Y single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the risk of sporadic PD using data from a multicenter hospital-based case–control study in Japan. Because UCHL1 and α-synuclein proteins co-localized on the halo of Lewy bodies in a patient with sporadic PD [26], we also investigated the possibility of an interaction between UCHL1 S18Y SNP and SNCA SNP rs356220. Moreover, possible interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and smoking or caffeine intake were assessed.

Methods

Study population

Recruitment of cases

Patients with PD were recruited at 3 university hospitals and 1 national hospital in Fukuoka Prefecture, a metropolitan area of Kyushu Island in southern Japan, and in 3 university hospitals, 3 national hospitals and 1 municipal hospital in Osaka, Kyoto, and Wakayama Prefectures, which are part of the Kinki region, located in the midwestern part of the mainland. Eligible patients were within 6 years of the onset of PD and had been diagnosed by one of the collaborating neurologists according to the United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria [27]. The neurologists in charge asked eligible PD patients to take part in our case–control study. Of 298 eligible PD patients identified during the period between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2008, 250 agreed to participate in the study (response rate: 84 %).

Recruitment of control subjects

During the same period, control subjects without a previous diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease were recruited from departments other than the neurology departments (orthopedic surgery, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, plastic surgery, and oral surgery) at 3 of the 11 collaborating hospitals: 1 university hospital in Fukuoka Prefecture and 1 university hospital and 1 national hospital in the Kinki region. Control subjects were not, individually or in larger groups, matched to cases. Potential control subjects were asked by an attending doctor or by one of our research nurses to participate in our case–control study when they were seen as outpatients or hospitalized at any of these 3 hospitals. Altogether, 372 of the potential control subjects participated in our study whereas 156 refused (response rate: 70 %).

The present study population

Of the 250 cases and 372 controls who participated in our study, 240 cases and 371 controls gave informed consent to genotyping. Excluded were 11 cases and 12 controls with a family history of PD, 1 control with missing data on smoking, and 1 control with missing data on caffeine intake, leaving data on 229 cases and 357 control subjects available for analysis. The ethics committees of the 11 collaborating hospitals (Fukuoka University; Utano National Hospital; Osaka City University; Kyushu University; Wakayama Medical University; Kyoto University; Kurume University; Minami-Kyoto National Hospital; Toneyama National Hospital; Kyoto City Hospital; and National Omuta Hospital) approved our case–control study. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

Questionnaires

Participants filled out a set of 2 self-administered questionnaires and mailed these materials to the data management center or handed them to research nurses. Our research technicians completed missing answers and/or illogical data by telephone or in-person interview.

Dietary habits during the preceding month were assessed using a self-administered, semi-quantitative, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. Reported intake levels of coffee, black tea, and Japanese and Chinese teas, including green tea and oolong tea, were used to estimate caffeine intake. Energy-adjusted intake was calculated according to the density method. A second questionnaire elicited information on sex, age, smoking habits, and family history of PD. A history of smoking was defined as having smoked at least once per day for at least one year.

DNA extraction and genotyping

The attending physicians or our research nurses collected buccal specimens with BuccalAmp swabs (Epicenter BioTechnologies, Madison, WI, USA). Genomic DNA was extracted using a BuccalAmp DNA extraction kit (Epicenter BioTechnologies). Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay on a StepOnePlus machine, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

Statistical analysis

We tested agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among the control subjects using the chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of sporadic PD in relation to UCHL1 S18Y SNP. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for sex, age, region of residence, smoking, and caffeine intake. SNCA SNP rs356220, but not SNPs rs356229, rs356219, rs7684318, or rs2736990 under a recessive model [28], smoking [29], and caffeine intake [30] were significantly associated with the risk of PD in this population. We examined multiplicative and additive interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA SNP rs356220, smoking, or caffeine intake with regard to the risk of sporadic PD. Multiplicative interaction was estimated by introducing a multiplicative term into a multiple logistic regression model. Three measures for the additive interaction were calculated using the Excel sheet provided by Andersson et al. [31]: 1) relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), 2) attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and 3) synergy index (S). RERI is the excess risk due to an interaction relative to the risk without exposure. AP refers to the attributable proportion of disease among individuals exposed to both factors that is due to the factors’ interaction. S is the excess risk from both exposures when there is an additive interaction, relative to the risk from both exposures without an interaction. RERI = 0, AP = 0, or S = 1 means no interaction or strict additivity; RERI > 0, AP > 0, or S > 1 means positive interaction or more than additivity; RERI < 0, AP < 0, or S < 1 means negative interaction or less than additivity [32]. If any of the null values (0 in RERI and AP or 1 in S) falls outside the 95 % CI of its respective measurement, then the additive interaction is considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA/SE software version 12.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

Compared with control subjects, cases were more likely to be older, to report never having smoked, and to report a low intake of caffeine (Table 1). There were no differences between cases and controls with regard to sex or region of residence.

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Full size table

There was no significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control subjects (P = 0.67).

Under a recessive model, compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP, those with the AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD after adjustment for sex, age, region of residence, smoking, and caffeine intake: the adjusted OR was 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.06 − 2.31) (Table 2). No such significant association was found under the co-dominant, additive, or dominant model. The frequency of the A allele was 52.0 % in cases and 47.5 % in controls; thus the allelic distribution was not significantly different between cases and controls (P = 0.13).

Table 2 Association of UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism with sporadic Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese population
Full size table

Based on the recessive model, compared with subjects with the CC or CT genotype of SNCA SNP rs356220, the TT genotype was significantly related to an increased risk of sporadic PD after adjustment for confounders: the adjusted OR was 1.47 (95 % CI: 1.03 − 2.10). Using subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP and the CC or CT genotype of SNCA SNP rs356220 as a reference group, those with the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP and the TT genotype of SNCA SNP rs356220 had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD; however, neither multiplicative nor additive interaction was statistically significant (Table 3).

Table 3 Interaction between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA rs356220 polymorphisms affecting sporadic Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese population
Full size table

Compared with ever having smoked, never having smoked was significantly related to an increased risk of sporadic PD after adjustment for sex, age, region of residence, and caffeine intake: the adjusted OR was 2.63 (95 % CI: 1.64 − 4.22). Compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP who had ever smoked, those with the AA genotype who had never smoked had a 4.08-fold increased risk of sporadic PD; nevertheless, neither multiplicative nor additive interaction was significant (Table 4).

Table 4 Interaction between UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism and smoking status affecting sporadic Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese population
Full size table

When caffeine intake was categorized into two groups, with the cut-off point defined as the median intake among control subjects, intake of less than 161.7 mg/4184 kJ/day was significantly associated with an increased risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.70 (95 % CI: 1.20 − 2.41). There was no significant multiplicative or additive interaction between UCHL1 S18Y SNP and caffeine intake (Table 5).

Table 5 Interaction between UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism and caffeine intake affecting sporadic Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese population
Full size table

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to find a significant positive association between the UCHL1 S18Y variant and the risk of sporadic PD. Our results are at variance with those from the previously cited meta-analysis, which demonstrated a significant inverse association between the Y allele and PD [5]. The PDGene meta-analysis in the website (http://www.pdgene.org) demonstrated that the Y allele of UCHL1 S18Y SNP was significantly inversely related to PD using data from a total of 26 case–control samples; however, such a significant association was not observed using data from 12 case–control Asian samples [33]. Zhang et al. [6] showed that the frequency of the Y allele of UCHL1 S18Y SNP was significantly higher among control subjects than among PD patients in a Japanese population (crude OR = 0.73 [95 % CI: 0.53 − 0.99]), whereas, under a recessive model, the AA genotype was non-significantly positively associated with the risk of sporadic PD in a Caucasian population (crude OR = 4.76 [95 % CI: 0.52 − 226.8]); furthermore, the frequency of the AA genotype was much lower among Caucasians than among Japanese. A case–control study of Australians found a non-significant positive association between the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP and PD under a recessive model (crude OR = 3.14 [95 % CI: 0.76 − 18.32]) [13]. The current results are in partial agreement with these results from Caucasian populations. With regard to the other case–control studies of Japanese, one study showed a significant inverse association between the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP and PD [7], while such a significant association was not found in two other studies [9, 25] (Table 6). The frequency of the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP was lower among our control subjects than among control subjects in all of the previous studies of Japanese [6, 7, 9, 25]. The inconsistency of our findings with those of other studies may be at least partly explained by differences in the genetic backgrounds of the populations examined, definitions of PD, and statistical power. In a genome-wide association study of Japanese, there was no relationship between UCHL1 S18Y SNP and PD at a genome-wide significance level; however, about 64 % of control subjects were those registered in BioBank Japan as subjects with diseases other than a neurological disease, and the mean age of the control subjects was 49.9 [34].

Table 6 Genotype and allele frequencies from previous case–control studies of Japanese populations investigating the association between UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism and Parkinson’s disease*
Full size table

Andersson et al. [35] have shown that the S18Y form of UCHL1 is minimally perturbed compared to the wild type. Although the primary effect of the mutation is to slightly reduce stability, the structure is barely perturbed, as shown by fluorescence, far-UV CD, and NMR measurements: they have found no evidence that would suggest that S18Y may behave in such a way as to contribute to a decreased risk of PD [35]. We are unable to explain why we found a significant positive association between the UCHL1 S18Y variant and the risk of sporadic PD.

Co-localization of UCHL1 and α-synuclein proteins in nigral Lewy bodies has been shown in human sporadic PD brain, suggesting a possible physical and/or functional interaction between the two proteins [26]. In the current study, however, no significant interaction was found between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA SNP rs356220 with respect to the risk of sporadic PD. With regard to gene-environment interactions, there were no significant interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and smoking or caffeine intake affecting the risk of sporadic PD; however, subjects with the AA genotype who had never smoked had a 4.08-fold increased risk of sporadic PD. A study of US individuals observed that UCHL1 and UCHL1 at the protein level were up-regulated in smokers compared with nonsmokers [36]. A case–control study using data from the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium found no significant interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and smoking or coffee intake with respect to the risk of PD [37].

Several limitations of our study warrant mention. First, data on family history of PD were self-reported; accordingly, it is assumed that some proportions of sporadic PD may be misclassified. Second, data on smoking and caffeine intake were also self-reported. Third, the current study size was rather small for a valid genetic association study. Although a significant positive relationship between UCHL1 S18Y SNP and sporadic PD was observed, the insignificant additive interactions under study might be attributable to insufficient statistical power. Fourth, correction for multiple testing was not performed in the present study because this is a hypothesis testing study. Fifth, although adjustment was made for some confounders, residual confounding effects could not be ruled out.

Conclusions

The results of the current Japanese case–control study reveal that the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y is significantly associated with an increased risk of sporadic PD under a recessive model. Nevertheless, we could not find evidence for interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA SNP rs356220, smoking, or caffeine intake with regard to the risk of sporadic PD. We acknowledge that our findings must be confirmed by further case–control studies with a larger number of subjects and also by functional studies.

Appendix

Other members of the Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group are as follows: Yasuhiko Baba and Tomonori Kobayashi (Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University); Hideyuki Sawada, Eiji Mizuta, and Nagako Murase (Clinical Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital); Tsuyoshi Tsutada and Takami Miki (Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine); Jun-ichi Kira (Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University); Tameko Kihira and Tomoyoshi Kondo (Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University); Hidekazu Tomimoto (Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine); Takayuki Taniwaki (Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine); Hiroshi Sugiyama and Sonoyo Yoshida (Department of Neurology, Minami-Kyoto National Hospital); Harutoshi Fujimura and Tomoko Saito (Department of Neurology, Toneyama National Hospital); Kyoko Saida and Junko Fujitake (Department of Neurology, Kyoto City Hospital); Naoki Fujii (Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital); Masatoshi Naito and Jun Arimizu (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University); Takashi Nakagawa, Hirofumi Harada, and Takayuki Sueta (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University); Toshihiro Kikuta and George Umemoto (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University); Eiichi Uchio and Hironori Migita (Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University); Kenichi Kazuki, Yoichi Ito, and Hiroyoshi Iwaki (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine); Kunihiko Siraki and Shinsuke Ataka (Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine); Hideo Yamane and Rie Tochino (Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine); Teruichi Harada (Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine); Yasushi Iwashita, Motoyuki Shimizu, Kenji Seki, and Keiji Ando (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Utano National Hospital).

Abbreviations

AP:

Attributable proportion due to interaction

CI:

Confidence interval

OR:

Odds ratio

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

RERI:

Relative excess risk due to interaction

S:

Synergy index

UCHL1:

Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1.

References

  1. Cook C, Petrucelli L: A critical evaluation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009, 1792: 664-675. 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Wilkinson KD, Lee KM, Deshpande S, Duerksen-Hughes P, Boss JM, Pohl J: The neuron-specific protein PGP 9.5 is a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase. Science. 1989, 246: 670-673. 10.1126/science.2530630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Larsen CN, Krantz BA, Wilkinson KD: Substrate specificity of deubiquitinating enzymes: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases. Biochemistry. 1998, 37: 3358-3368. 10.1021/bi972274d.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cartier AE, Djakovic SN, Salehi A, Wilson SM, Masliah E, Patrick GN: Regulation of synaptic structure by ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1. J Neurosci. 2009, 29: 7857-7868. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1817-09.2009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Ragland M, Hutter C, Zabetian C, Edwards K: Association between the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 gene (UCHL1) S18Y variant and Parkinson's Disease: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 170: 1344-1357. 10.1093/aje/kwp288.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang J, Hattori N, Leroy E, Morris HR, Kubo S, Kobayashi T, Wood NW, Polymeropoulos MH, Mizuno Y: Association between a polymorphism of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) gene and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2000, 6: 195-197. 10.1016/S1353-8020(00)00015-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Momose Y, Murata M, Kobayashi K, Tachikawa M, Nakabayashi Y, Kanazawa I, Toda T: Association studies of multiple candidate genes for Parkinson's disease using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ann Neurol. 2002, 51: 133-136. 10.1002/ana.10079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang J, Zhao CY, Si YM, Liu ZL, Chen B, Yu L: ACT and UCH-L1 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease and age of onset. Mov Disord. 2002, 17: 767-771. 10.1002/mds.10179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mizuta I, Satake W, Nakabayashi Y, Ito C, Suzuki S, Momose Y, Nagai Y, Oka A, Inoko H, Fukae J, Saito Y, Sawabe M, Murayama S, Yamamoto M, Hattori N, Murata M, Toda T: Multiple candidate gene analysis identifies α-synuclein as a susceptibility gene for sporadic Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2006, 15: 1151-1158. 10.1093/hmg/ddl030.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tan EK, Puong KY, Fook-Chong S, Chua E, Shen H, Yuen Y, Pavanni R, Wong MC, Puvan K, Zhao Y: Case–control study of UCHL1 S18Y variant in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006, 21: 1765-1768. 10.1002/mds.21064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Maraganore DM, Farrer MJ, Hardy JA, Lincoln SJ, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA: Case–control study of the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 gene in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1999, 53: 1858-1860. 10.1212/WNL.53.8.1858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wintermeyer P, Krüger R, Kuhn W, Müller T, Woitalla D, Berg D, Becker G, Leroy E, Polymeropoulos M, Berger K, Przuntek H, Schöls L, Epplen JT, Riess O: Mutation analysis and association studies of the UCHL1 gene in German Parkinson's disease patients. NeuroReport. 2000, 11: 2079-2082. 10.1097/00001756-200007140-00004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mellick GD, Silburn PA: The ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 gene S18Y polymorphism does not confer protection against idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2000, 293: 127-130. 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01510-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Levecque C, Destée A, Mouroux V, Becquet E, Defebvre L, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC: No genetic association of the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 gene S18Y polymorphism with familial Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2001, 108: 979-984. 10.1007/s007020170017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Savettieri G, De Marco EV, Civitelli D, Salemi G, Nicoletti G, Annesi G, Cirò Candiano IC, Quattron A: Lack of association between ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 gene polymorphism and PD. Neurology. 2001, 57: 560-561. 10.1212/WNL.57.3.560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Elbaz A, Levecque C, Clavel J, Vidal JS, Richard F, Corrèze JR, Delemotte B, Amouyel P, Alpérovitch A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Tzourio C: S18Y polymorphism in the UCH-L1 gene and Parkinson's disease: evidence for an age-dependent relationship. Mov Disord. 2003, 18: 130-137. 10.1002/mds.10326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Facheris M, Strain KJ, Lesnick TG, de Andrade M, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Cunningham JM, Lincoln S, Farrer MJ, Rocca WA, Maraganore DM: UCHL1 is associated with Parkinson's disease: a case-unaffected sibling and case-unrelated control study. Neurosci Lett. 2005, 381: 131-134. 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Healy DG, Abou-Sleiman PM, Casas JP, Ahmadi KR, Lynch T, Gandhi S, Muqit MM, Foltynie T, Barker R, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Lees AJ, Gibson JM, Holton JL, Revesz T, Goldstein DB, Wood NW: UCHL-1 is not a Parkinson's disease susceptibility gene. Ann Neurol. 2006, 59: 627-633. 10.1002/ana.20757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Carmine Belin A, Westerlund M, Bergman O, Nissbrandt H, Lind C, Sydow O, Galter D: S18Y in ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) associated with decreased risk of Parkinson's disease in Sweden. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007, 13: 295-298. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hutter CM, Samii A, Factor SA, Nutt JG, Higgins DS, Bird TD, Griffith A, Roberts JW, Leis BC, Montimurro JS, Kay DM, Edwards KL, Payami H, Zabetian CP: Lack of evidence for an association between UCHL1 S18Y and Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2008, 15: 134-139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang ZJ, Burgunder JM, An XK, Wu Y, Chen WJ, Zhang JH, Wang YC, Xu YM, Gou YR, Yuan GG, Mao XY, Peng R: Lack of evidence for association of a UCH-L1 S18Y polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Han-Chinese population. Neurosci Lett. 2008, 442: 200-202. 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wu YR, Chen CM, Chen YC, Chao CY, Ro LS, Fung HC, Hsiao YC, Hu FJ, Lee-Chen GJ: Ubiquitin specific proteases USP24 and USP40 and ubiquitin thiolesterase UCHL1 polymorphisms have synergic effect on the risk of Parkinson's disease among Taiwanese. Clin Chim Acta. 2010, 411: 955-958. 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang L, Guo JF, Nie LL, Luo L, Zuo X, Shen L, Jiang H, Yan XX, Xia K, Pan Q, Tang BS: Case–control study of the UCH-L1 S18Y variant in sporadic Parkinson's disease in the Chinese population. J Clin Neurosci. 2011, 18: 541-544. 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.07.142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tan EK, Lu CS, Peng R, Teo YY, Wu-Chou YH, Chen RS, Weng YH, Chen CM, Fung HC, Tan LC, Zhang ZJ, An XK, Lee-Chen GJ, Lee MC, Fook-Chong S, Burgunder JM, Wu RM, Wu YR: Analysis of the UCHL1 genetic variant in Parkinson's disease among Chinese. Neurobiol Aging. 2010, 31: 2194-2196. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Snapinn KW, Larson EB, Kawakami H, Ujike H, Borenstein AR, Izumi Y, Kaji R, Maruyama H, Mata IF, Morino H, Oda M, Tsuang DW, Yearout D, Edwards KL, Zabetian CP: The UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism and Parkinson's disease in a Japanese population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011, 17: 473-475. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.01.019.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Yasuda T, Nihira T, Ren YR, Cao XQ, Wada K, Setsuie R, Kabuta T, Wada K, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Mochizuki H: Effects of UCH-L1 on α-synuclein over-expression mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 2009, 108: 932-944. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05827.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992, 55: 181-184. 10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Kiyohara C, Sasaki S, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Shimada H, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M, Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group: SNCA polymorphisms, smoking, and sporadic Parkinson’s disease in Japanese. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012, 18: 557-561. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M, Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group: Active and passive smoking and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010, 122: 377-382. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01327.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M, Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group: Intake of Japanese and Chinese teas reduces risk of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011, 17: 446-450. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Andersson T, Alfredsson L, Källberg H, Zdravkovic S, Ahlbom A: Calculating measures of biological interaction. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005, 20: 575-579. 10.1007/s10654-005-7835-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ, Groenwold RH, Klungel OH, Rovers MM, Grobbee DE: Estimating measures of interaction on an additive scale for preventive exposures. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011, 26: 433-438. 10.1007/s10654-011-9554-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Lill CM, Roehr JT, McQueen MB, Kavvoura FK, Bagade S, Schjeide BM, Schjeide LM, Meissner E, Zauft U, Allen NC, Liu T, Schilling M, Anderson KJ, Beecham G, Berg D, Biernacka JM, Brice A, DeStefano AL, Do CB, Eriksson N, Factor SA, Farrer MJ, Foroud T, Gasser T, Hamza T, Hardy JA, Heutink P, Hill-Burns EM, Klein C, Latourelle JC, et al: Comprehensive Research Synopsis and Systematic Meta-Analyses in Parkinson's Disease Genetics: The PDGene Database. PLoS Genet. 2012, 8: e1002548-10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Satake W, Nakabayashi Y, Mizuta I, Hirota Y, Ito C, Kubo M, Kawaguchi T, Tsunoda T, Watanabe M, Takeda A, Tomiyama H, Nakashima K, Hasegawa K, Obata F, Yoshikawa T, Kawakami H, Sakoda S, Yamamoto M, Hattori N, Murata M, Nakamura Y, Toda T: Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet. 2009, 41: 1303-1307. 10.1038/ng.485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Andersson FI, Werrell EF, McMorran L, Crone WJ, Das C, Hsu ST, Jackson SE: The effect of Parkinson's-disease-associated mutations on the deubiquitinating enzyme UCH-L1. J Mol Biol. 2011, 407: 261-272. 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.12.029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Carolan BJ, Heguy A, Harvey BG, Leopold PL, Ferris B, Crystal RG: Up-regulation of expression of the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 gene in human airway epithelium of cigarette smokers. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 10729-10740. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McCulloch CC, Kay DM, Factor SA, Samii A, Nutt JG, Higgins DS, Griffith A, Roberts JW, Leis BC, Montimurro JS, Zabetian CP, Payami H: Exploring gene-environment interactions in Parkinson's disease. Hum Genet. 2008, 123: 257-265. 10.1007/s00439-008-0466-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mrs. Yukari Hayashi for her technical assistance. This study was supported by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants, Research on Intractable Diseases, Research Committee on Epidemiology of Intractable Diseases from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Yoshihiro Miyake & Keiko Tanaka

  2. Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

    Wakaba Fukushima & Yoshio Hirota

  3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Chikako Kiyohara

  4. Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Satoshi Sasaki

  5. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Yoshio Tsuboi & Tatsuo Yamada

  6. Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

    Tomoko Oeda

  7. Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

    Hiroyuki Shimada

  8. Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Nobutoshi Kawamura & Nobutaka Sakae

  9. Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Hidenao Fukuyama

  10. Department of Public Health, Saitama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan

    Masaki Nagai

Authors
  1. Yoshihiro Miyake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keiko Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wakaba Fukushima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chikako Kiyohara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Satoshi Sasaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yoshio Tsuboi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Tatsuo Yamada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tomoko Oeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hiroyuki Shimada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Nobutoshi Kawamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Nobutaka Sakae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Hidenao Fukuyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Yoshio Hirota
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Masaki Nagai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

the Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshihiro Miyake.

Additional information

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

YM contributed to the study design, data collection, overall management, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the manuscript. KT and WF contributed to the study design, data collection, and data management. SS and CK contributed to the study design. YT, TY, TO, TM, NK, NS and HF contributed to the outcome definition and case recruitment. YH and MN contributed to the supervision of the design and execution of the study. Authors listed in the Appendix contributed to case or control subject recruitment. All authors contribute to the preparation of the manuscript and approved the final version submitted for publication.

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Miyake, Y., Tanaka, K., Fukushima, W. et al. UCHL1 S18Y variant is a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease in Japan. BMC Neurol 12, 62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-12-62

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-12-62

Keywords

BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

Contact us