Table 3 |
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ORs for Parkinson's disease in relation to alcohol drinking amount per day during "peak" period according to types of alcohol |
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|
Alcohol drinking amount per day during "peak" period (ethanol, g) a |
n (%) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORb (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORc (95% CI) |
|
|
|
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|
Cases (N = 214) |
Controls (N = 327) |
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|
|
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|
Beer |
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|
Non-drinker |
127 (59.4) |
195 (59.6) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.1-65.9 |
75 (35.1) |
121 (37.0) |
0.95 (0.66-1.37) |
1.14 (0.72-1.79) |
0.99 (0.61-1.59) |
|
≥ 66.0 |
12 (5.6) |
11 (3.4) |
1.68 (0.71-3.97) |
2.23 (0.84-5.97) |
2.13 (0.80-5.82) |
|
P for trend |
0.62 |
0.19 |
0.39 |
||
|
Japanese sake (rice wine) |
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|
Non-drinker |
146 (68.2) |
261 (79.8) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.1-65.9 |
58 (27.1) |
59 (18.0) |
1.76 (1.16-2.66) |
2.42 (1.44-4.11) |
2.27 (1.34-3.89) |
|
≥ 66.0 |
10 (4.7) |
7 (2.1) |
2.55 (0.96-7.17) |
3.10 (1.04-9.71) |
3.39 (1.10-11.0) |
|
P for trend |
0.002 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
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|
Shochu (a distilled alcoholic beverage made in Japan) |
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|
Non-drinker |
180 (84.1) |
273 (83.5) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.1-65.9 |
18 (8.4) |
32 (9.8) |
0.85 (0.46-1.55) |
1.07 (0.54-2.08) |
1.01 (0.50-1.98) |
|
≥ 66.0 |
16 (7.5) |
22 (6.7) |
1.10 (0.56-2.15) |
1.50 (0.69-3.21) |
1.29 (0.59-2.78) |
|
P for trend |
0.98 |
0.34 |
0.58 |
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|
Wine |
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|
Non-drinker |
187 (87.4) |
294 (89.9) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.1-65.9 |
24 (11.2) |
32 (9.8) |
1.18 (0.67-2.06) |
1.21 (0.66-2.21) |
1.06 (0.57-1.95) |
|
≥ 66.0 |
3 (1.4) |
1 (0.3) |
4.72 (0.60-95.7) |
6.88 (0.75-153) |
6.11 (0.67-134) |
|
P for trend |
0.24 |
0.18 |
0.36 |
||
|
Whisky |
|||||
|
Non-drinker |
177 (82.7) |
283 (86.5) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.1-65.9 |
30 (14.0) |
38 (11.6) |
1.26 (0.75-2.11) |
1.62 (0.89-2.94) |
1.60 (0.88-2.93) |
|
≥ 66.0 |
7 (3.3) |
6 (1.8) |
1.87 (0.61-5.88) |
2.72 (0.82-9.34) |
2.25 (0.67-7.83) |
|
P for trend |
0.17 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
||
|
|
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|
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. a Defined as period during which the subject's alcohol consumption was the highest. b Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, alcohol flushing status, and presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. c Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, alcohol flushing status, presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, dietary intake of caffeine, cholesterol, vitamin E, vitamin B6, iron, and dietary glycemic index. |
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|
Fukushima et al. BMC Neurology 2010 10:111 doi:10.1186/1471-2377-10-111 |
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