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Pooler LC
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Henderson BE
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Research article

A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in prolactin (PRL) and PRL receptor (PRLR) genes in relation to plasma prolactin levels and breast cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort

Sulggi A Lee¹ , Christopher A Haiman¹ , Noel P Burtt³ , Loreall C Pooler¹ , Iona Cheng⁸ , Laurence N Kolonel² , Malcolm C Pike¹ , David Altshuler³^,4^,5^,6 , Joel N Hirschhorn³^,6^,7 , Brian E Henderson¹ and Daniel O Stram¹

¹Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

²Cancer Etiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA

³Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

⁴Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

⁵Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

⁶Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

⁷Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA

⁸Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

author email corresponding author email

BMC Medical Genetics 2007, 8:72doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-72


Published:	1 December 2007

Additional files

Additional file 1:

Supplemental Tables S1-S15.

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This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer

Additional file 2:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin (PRL) locus for African-Americans. The horizontal black line depicts the 59-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 6 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRL gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative exon 1a (associated with the distal extra-pituitary promoter region) lies 5.8 kb upstream of exon 1 (associated with the pituitary promoter region). The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 209KB Download file

Additional file 3:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin (PRL) locus for Native-Hawaiians. The horizontal black line depicts the 59-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 6 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRL gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative exon 1a (associated with the distal extra-pituitary promoter region) lies 5.8 kb upstream of exon 1 (associated with the pituitary promoter region). The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 217KB Download file

Additional file 4:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin (PRL) locus for Japanese-Americans. The horizontal black line depicts the 59-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 6 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRL gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative exon 1a (associated with the distal extra-pituitary promoter region) lies 5.8 kb upstream of exon 1 (associated with the pituitary promoter region). The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 174KB Download file

Additional file 5:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin (PRL) locus for Latinas. The horizontal black line depicts the 59-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 6 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRL gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative exon 1a (associated with the distal extra-pituitary promoter region) lies 5.8 kb upstream of exon 1 (associated with the pituitary promoter region). The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 203KB Download file

Additional file 6:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin (PRL) locus for Whites. The horizontal black line depicts the 59-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 6 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRL gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative exon 1a (associated with the distal extra-pituitary promoter region) lies 5.8 kb upstream of exon 1 (associated with the pituitary promoter region). The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 195KB Download file

Additional file 7:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin receptor (PRLR) locus for African-Americans. The horizontal black line depicts the 210-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 5 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRLR gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative first exons are shown in black below the gene: hE13, hE1N1, hE1N2, hE1N3, hE1N4, and hE1N5. The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 413KB Download file

Additional file 8:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin receptor (PRLR) locus for Native-Hawaiians. The horizontal black line depicts the 210-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 5 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRLR gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative first exons are shown in black below the gene: hE13, hE1N1, hE1N2, hE1N3, hE1N4, and hE1N5. The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 433KB Download file

Additional file 9:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin receptor (PRLR) locus for Japanese-Americans. The horizontal black line depicts the 210-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 5 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRLR gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative first exons are shown in black below the gene: hE13, hE1N1, hE1N2, hE1N3, hE1N4, and hE1N5. The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 413KB Download file

Additional file 10:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin receptor (PRLR) locus for Latinas. The horizontal black line depicts the 210-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 5 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRLR gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative first exons are shown in black below the gene: hE13, hE1N1, hE1N2, hE1N3, hE1N4, and hE1N5. The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 375KB Download file

Additional file 11:

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot across the prolactin receptor (PRLR) locus for Whites. The horizontal black line depicts the 210-kilobase region of chromosome (chr) 5 analyzed in our multiethnic panel. The PRLR gene is shown in grey (RefSeq gene = completed genes from the human genome assembly). Alternative first exons are shown in black below the gene: hE13, hE1N1, hE1N2, hE1N3, hE1N4, and hE1N5. The LD plot, presented at the bottom of the figures, is based on the measure of D'. Each diamond indicates the pairwise magnitude of LD, with dark grey indicating strong LD (D' > 0.8) and a logarithm of odds score of greater than 2.0. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) < 5% for this ethnic group not shown. (Figure prepared with LocusView, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, unpublished software by T. Petryshen, A. Kirby, and M. Ainscow [61]).

Format: PNG Size: 371KB Download file