Research article

HIV-1, HSV-2 and syphilis among pregnant women in a rural area of Tanzania: Prevalence and risk factors

Khadija I Yahya-Malima^1,2,3* , Bjørg Evjen-Olsen^1,4* , Mecky I Matee^5* , Knut Fylkesnes^1* and Lars Haarr^6*

¹  Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

²  School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

³  School of Public Health Nursing, Ministry of Health, Morogoro, Tanzania

⁴  Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Mbulu District, Manyara, Tanzania

⁵  Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

⁶  The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally

BMC Infectious Diseases 2008, 8:75doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-75

Published:	2 June 2008

Abstract

Background

Evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of new HIV infections in African countries are associated with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Thus, the magnitude of HSV-2 infection in an area may suggest the expected course of the HIV epidemic. We determined prevalence of genital herpes, syphilis and associated factors among pregnant women from a remote rural Tanzanian community that has a low but increasing HIV prevalence.

Methods

We analysed 1296 sera and responses to a standard structured questionnaire collected from pregnant women aged between 15–49 years, attending six different antenatal clinics within rural Manyara and Singida regions in Tanzania. Linked anonymous testing (with informed consent) of the serum for specific antibodies against HSV-2 was done using a non-commercial peptide- 55 ELISA. Antibodies against syphilis were screened by using rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and reactive samples confirmed by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA).

Results

Previous analysis of the collected sera had shown the prevalence of HIV antibodies to be 2%. In the present study the prevalence of genital herpes and syphilis was 20.7% (95% CI: 18.53–23.00) and 1.6% (95% CI: 1.03–2.51), respectively. The presence of HSV-2 antibodies was associated with polygamy (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.62 – 3.01) and the use of contraceptives other than condoms (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.21 – 2.41). Syphilis was associated with reporting more than one lifetime sexual partner (OR 5.4, 95% CI: 1.88 – 15.76) and previous spontaneous abortion (OR 4.3, 95% CI: 1.52–12.02).

Conclusion

The low prevalence of HIV infection offers a unique opportunity for strengthening HIV prevention in a cost-effective manner. The identification and control of other prevalent curable STIs other than syphilis and specific intervention of HSV-2 in specific populations like pregnant women would be one among approaches towards preventing incident HIV infections.