Figure 1.

Frequency of mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (pfcrt) (A and B), multi-drug resistance gene (pfmdr1) (C and D) and quintuple mutations in dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr)/dihydropteroate synthetase (pfdhps) (E and F) genes in symptomatic and asymptomatic volunteers in highland (Kakamega and Kisii) and lowland (Kombewa) sites of western Kenya. The pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutation refers to 51I/59R/108N/437G/540E. No mutations were detected at the following codons: pfdhfr (A16V, C50R, I164L and S436A), pfdhps (A581G and A613S), and pfmdr1 (S1034 and N1042D).