Table 3 |
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|
Assessment of risk factors |
||||||
|
Risk factor |
n |
Risk Measure |
Risk Estimate (95% CI) |
Population, Location, Timing of Data Acquisition |
Age in years |
Study |
|
|
||||||
|
DEMOGRAPHICS |
Mean ± SD or (range) |
|||||
|
|
||||||
|
Female versus Male |
1003 |
AOR |
2.2 (0.8, 6.25) |
School-aged children, Canada, 2003 |
(8–13) |
[48] |
|
Female versus Male |
3128 |
AOR |
0.8 (0.6, 0.96) |
CV or high risk diabetes, Canada, 1993–5 |
65 |
[34] |
|
Female versus Male |
494 |
AOR |
1.3 (0.8, 2.3) |
SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 |
32 ± 11 |
[25] |
|
Female versus Male |
4158 |
URR |
1.0 (0.9. 1.1) [p = 0.30]* |
9 population comparisons from 5 studies |
(8–65+) |
[31,35,41,49,54] |
|
Urban versus Rural |
647 |
URR |
1.3 (1.2, 1.5) [p = 0.59]* |
3 population comparisons from 2 studies |
(16–76) |
[41,46] |
|
Born in high risk country versus born in Canada |
494 |
AOR |
2.9 (1.1, 7.6) |
SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 |
32 ± 11 |
[25] |
|
Born in endemic country versus born in Canada |
1003 |
AOR |
22.3 (6.6, 75.0) |
School-aged children, Canada, 2003 |
(8–13) |
[48] |
|
Foreign-born versus Canadian-born |
353 |
AOR |
6.2 (2.6, 15.0) |
Gay men, Montreal, 1995–97 |
36 |
[28] |
|
Born in a high-income country versus moderate to low† |
492 |
AOR |
20.8 (9.4, 46.0) |
Day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 |
37 |
[23] |
|
Foreign-born versus Canadian-born |
3008 |
URR |
5.7 (3.6, 9.0) [p < 0.01]* |
5 population comparisons from 5 studies |
(2–69+) |
[30,31,49,51,53] |
|
|
||||||
|
TRAVEL TO HIGH RISK AREA |
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Travel to high risk area versus otherwise |
1003 |
AOR |
1.4 (0.4, 4.8) |
School-aged children, Canada, 2003 |
(8–13) |
[48] |
|
Travel to high risk areas versus otherwise |
407 |
URR |
2.8 (1.4, 5.5) |
Canadian-born adults, Vancouver, 2003 |
(20–39) |
[49] |
|
Ever travelled to a developing country‡ |
492 |
AOR |
2.4 (1.3, 4.2) |
Day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 |
37 |
[23] |
|
|
||||||
|
HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES |
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
MSM versus heterosexuals |
494 |
AOR |
2.4 (0.9, 6.1) |
SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 |
(25–34) |
[25] |
|
Sexual partners with VH history versus otherwise |
420 |
AOR |
13.8 (4.2, 45.2) |
Street youths, Montreal, 1995–6 |
(14–25) |
[30] |
|
Insertive anal penetration versus otherwise |
420 |
AOR |
5.1 (1.6, 16.7) |
Street youths, Montreal, 1995–6 |
(14–25) |
[30] |
|
History of STD versus no history |
500 |
AOR |
2.0 (1.2, 3.3) |
Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 |
26 (11–65) |
[29] |
|
History of IDU versus no history |
494 |
AOR |
6.5 (1.6, 26.3) |
SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 |
(25–34) |
[25] |
|
History of IDU versus no history |
500 |
AOR |
1.6 (0.99, 2.7) |
Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 |
26 (11–65) |
[29] |
|
|
||||||
|
FIRST NATIONS AND INUIT |
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Native versus Non-native |
1003 |
AOR |
5.2 (1.0, 26.0) |
School-aged children, Canada, 2003 |
(8–13) |
[48] |
|
Aboriginal versus Non-aboriginal |
500 |
AOR |
6.6 (3.8, 11.5) |
Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 |
26 (11–65) |
[29] |
|
Inuit versus white in NWT |
708 |
URR |
4.5 (2.4, 8.5) |
Inuits, Baker Lake, NWT, 1980 |
(0.3–86) |
[39,40] |
|
4+ versus 1–3 household occupants |
635 |
URR |
1.1 (0.98, 1.3) |
Canadian Inuit, Baker Lake, 1980 |
(0.3–86) |
[39,40] |
|
|
||||||
|
OTHERS |
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Years working in day-care, 5-year groups§ |
339 |
AOR |
1.3 (1.0, 1.8) |
Canadian-born day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 |
34 |
[23] |
|
History of daycare versus no history |
1278 |
URR |
1.2 [0.7, 2.2] [p = 0.30]* |
2 population comparisons from 2 studies |
8–13 |
[31,48] |
|
Sewer workers versus controls|| |
228 |
URR |
1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
Sewer workers, Quebec City, 1993 |
41 (28–64) |
[33] |
|
3+ versus 0–3 siblings |
502 |
URR |
2.0 (1.7, 2.5) |
Travel clinic, Edmonton, 1991–2 |
(16–60+) |
[54] |
|
Current household income <20,000/yr¶ |
153 |
AOR |
5.3 (1.2, 24.2) |
Foreign-born day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 |
39.7 |
[23] |
|
Annual family income <30,000 vs ≥30,000 |
1057 |
URR |
0.7 (0.3, 2.0) |
School-aged children, Canada, 2003 |
(8–13) |
[48] |
|
|
||||||
|
Abbreviations: AOR adjusted odds ratio. CV cardiovascular. SY street youth. MSM men who have sex with men. IDU injectable drug user. URR unadjusted relative risk. STD sexually transmitted disease. NWT North West Territory. G6 grade 6. yr year Notes: *Meta-analytical estimates (95% CI) [p-value from a test of homogeneity] from random-effects models. † The day-care educator study included 492 participants, including 339 Canadian-born individuals and 153 foreign-born. The odds-ratio for "born in a high-income country versus moderate to low" was 20.8 (95% CI 9.4, 46.0) for all 492 participants, not reported for Canadian-born, and 4.6 (1.7, 12.2) for foreign-born. ‡ The odds-ratio for "ever traveled to a developing country" in the day-care educators study was 2.4 (1.3, 4.2) for all 492 participants, not significant for Canadian-born (estimated OR not available), and 8.1 (2.3, 29.0) for foreign-born. § The odds-ratio for "years working in day-care, 5-year groups" was not significant for all 492 participants (estimated OR not available), 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) for Canadian-born, and not significant (estimated OR not available) for foreign-born. || Control subjects were outpatients undergoing lipid testing,. ¶ The odds-ratio for "current household income <20,000/yr" in the day-care educators study was not significant (estimated OR not available) for all 492 participants and Canadian-born and was 5.3 (1.2, 24.2) for foreign-born. |
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|
Pham et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2005 5:56 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-5-56 |
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