Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Alpha-galactosylceramide enhances protective immunity induced by DNA vaccine of the SAG5D gene of Toxoplasma gondii

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 14, Article number: 3862 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Toxoplasmosis caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a global epidemic parasitic disease. DNA vaccines play an important role in preventing the spread of toxoplasmosis. SAG family genes encoding particular surface proteins of T. gondii are the best candidates of DNA vaccine. As a member of SAG family genes, SAG5 gene has been proved to have better antigenic than SAG1. In addition, alpha-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) was used to be an adjuvant in malaria vaccine and received positive results. In this study, the effect of the DNA vaccine enhanced by α-GalCer was evaluated by immunizing BALB/c mice.

Methods

In the present study, SAG5D gene of T. gondii was cloned, sequenced, and biologically characterized. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups, including three experimental groups (pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, α-GalCer and α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D) and two control groups (PBS and pEGFP-C1), and were immunized intramuscularly three times. The levels of IgG antibodies and cytokine productions in mouse sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Two weeks after the last immunization, all mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii and the survival time of mice was recorded.

Results

A significant level of increase of IgG response against the soluble tachyzoite antigens (STAg) was detected by ELISA in experimental group. It revealed relatively high level of IFN-γ production by the spleen cells. There were higher productions of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in α-GalCer treated groups compared to control groups. Challenge experiment showed a longer survival period (11 days compared with 5 days in control) in SAG5D DNA vaccinated mice was found after a lethal challenge with T. gondii RH strain.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that T. gondii SAG5D was a novel and positive DNA vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis. In addition, the adjuvant (α-GalCer) enhanced the body’s cellular immune response and prolonged the survival time of mice after challenge.

Peer Review reports

Background

Toxoplasmosis caused by the intracellular parasite T. gondii is a global epidemic parasitic disease, and one in three people worldwide were infected by T. gondii in different degrees [1]. In the past decades, the job using DNA vaccines to combat toxoplasmosis had made considerable progress. A series of Toxoplasma-specific genes (SAG, ROP, MIC, GRA, etc.) are widely used to be candidates of DNA vaccines [2]-[7]. SAG family genes encoding particular surface proteins of T. gondii are the best candidates, especially SAG1 [8],[9]. SAG1 was considered to be a successful DNA vaccine, because mice achieved excellent immune protection when injected by single SAG1 gene [10],[11] or mult-gene [12],[13] vaccine. Furthermore, SAG2 and SAG3 proteins also have outstanding immunogenicity, and they have been made into a great quantity of encouraging vaccines [14],[15]. SAG5 gene is an important member of SAG family genes and contains five subtypes from SAG5A to SAG5E [16],[17]. SAG5E is a transcribed pseudogene, while SAG5A protein is not expressed in RH strain tachyzoites. The other three SAG5 subtypes can express corresponding proteins in tachyzoites [18]. And the 367 amino acid-long SAG5B and SAG5C are 97.5% identical to each other, while SAG5D amino acid is 50% identical to either of them [19]. As a member of SAG family genes, SAG5 gene may have excellent immunogenicity like SAG1. Accordingly, it is necessary and interesting to construct a SAG5 gene vaccine and examine its immunization.

NKT cells are a group of special T-cell subsets that have T cell receptors and NK cell receptors [20]. Actived NKT cells produce a large number of IL-4 and strongly generate IFN-γ [21]. In immunocompetent hosts, the robust T cell response controls parasite growth via the protective cytokine IFN-γ. α-GalCer is the powerful NKT agonist and is presented by the nonclassical MHC molecule CD1d in both mice and humans [22],[23]. A large number of studies performed in animal models indicated a central role of α-GalCer in stimulation of the netural killer T cells [24],[25]. In previous study, α-GalCer was used to be an adjuvant in some vaccines and received positive results [24]. So it is worth trying to add α-GalCer to DNA vaccines of T. gondii.

In our previous study, we analyzed the antigenic characteristics of SAG5B, SAG5C, SAG5D and SAG1 by bioinformatics analysis. SAG5D was selected to be experimental subject because of its positive B-cell epitope index. Now, an eukaryotic expression vector named pEGFP-C1-SAG5D was constructed to determine whether this DNA vaccine can actively elicit immune responses to T. gondii. The present work showed that the protection against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice caused by SAG5D gene vaccine was obvious. Besides, α-GalCer was used to enhance the immune responses induced with the eukaryotic expression vector.

Methods

Mice and parasites

Six- to eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were obtained from Shandong University Laboratory Animal Center. All mice were bred in groups of eight per cage under specific-pathogen-free conditions and had free access to diet and tap water. All of the animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Medical School of Shandong University.

The RH strain of T. gondii was maintained in our laboratory by passage of tachyzoites in BALB/c mice. The T. gondii tachyzoites used in experiment were harvested from the peritoneal fluid of mice 72 hr after infection. Most of the tachyzoites were used to create soluble tachyzoite antigens (STAg) after washed by centrifugation and resuspended in sterile PBS, while the rest were used to extract the total RNA of RH strain. To ensure the freshness of tachyzoites used for challenge, tachyzoites were extrated and purified from mice 1 hr before injection.

Plasmid construction and preparation

The entire SAG5D open reading frame (ORF) was amplified by PCR from the cDNA of T. gondii (RH strain) tachyzoites with primer (5′- cggGGTACCATGGTGCGACGGTCTTC -3′)(forward) and primer (5′-cgcGGATCCTCAATATGTGCCAAGA -3′)(reverse). Both of the two primers contain Kpn I and BamH I restriction sites. PCR amplification was performed using the following conditions: 1 cycle of 95°C for 5 min then 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 59°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 1 min. Final primer extension was extended to 10 min at 72°C. PCR product was analyzed by electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose gel.

The PCR products of SAG5D gene was cloned into a pEASY-T1 vector (TransGen Biotech, China) to generate a recombinant cloning plasmid. Sequence determination was finished by a professional company (Sheng Gong, Shanghai). After sequenced, SAG5D was subcloned into a eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-C1 (Novagen, USA) to produce pEGFP-C1-SAG5D. Finally, the new recombinant plasmids were transfected into HEK 293-T cells with Lipofectamineâ„¢ 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, USA).

Plasmid extraction and purification

Large-scale plasmids were extracted with the Endotoxin-Free Mega kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the concentrations were determined by A260/A280 measurement. The ratios of the best densities at 260 and 280 nm (OD260 and OD280, respectively) was 1.8, indicating few protein contamination. Plasmid DNA was diluted into 1 mg/ml with sterile endotoxin-free PBS and stored at −20°C before use.

Expression of SAG5D in HEK 293-T cells

HEK 293-T cells, an embryonic kidney cell line, were grown at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere in 6-well plates (Costar, USA) in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 100 mg/ml streptomycin and 100 IU/ml penicillin and 10% fetal Bovine serum. When the density of HEK 293-T cells reached 80%-90%, the constructed eukaryotic expression plasmids (pEGFP-C1-SAG5D) and the empty vectors (pEGFP-C1) were transfected into cells by the Lipofectamine 2000 regent (Invitrogen, USA) on the basis of the manufacturer’s guidance. Plasmids (pEGFP-C1-SAG5D and pEGFP-C1) were all mixed with lipofectamine 2000 reagent at a concentration of 10 μg/ml in DMEM without Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and antibiotics. The mixed solutions were incubated at room temperature for 20 min before added into HEK 293-T cells drop by drop. The cells were incubated with the transfection mixture for 6 h at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Finally, fresh cell culture fluid was added and the 6-well plates were returned to the cell incubator for 48 hr incubation.

The cells from different groups (blank, pEGFP-C1 and pEGFP-C1-SAG5D) were respectively observed under fluorescence microscope under blue laser after incubation. HEK 293-T cells were collected and the expression of target gene was evaluated by Western blotting analysis.

Western blot analysis

Western blot analysis of HEK 293-T cells transfected with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D was performed as below: The cells were treated using RIPA Lyses Buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1% Sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) containing 1 mM protease inhibitor PMSF (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) and centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min. Then supernatant was extracted and resuspended in 50 μl of SDS-PAGE sample buffer, and boiled for 5 min and 20 μl was loaded onto a 12% polyacrylamide gel. Proteins were transferred onto PVDF (polyvinylidenefluoride) membrane via electrophoresis, carried at 60 V for 4 hr, using Bio-Rad transfer system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The membrane was saturated for 2 hr with sealing fluid at room temperature and probed with anti-T. gondii polyclonal antibody (Goat) diluted 1:10000 in saturation buffer. The membrane was incubated for 2 hr with a HRP (horseradish peroxides)-labeled rabbit anti-goat IgG antibody (Sigma, USA) diluted 1:20,000 in saturation buffer, and signals were detected with super sensitive signal ECL (Enhanced Chemiluminescence) system.

Expression of gene in vivo

To examine the level of expression in vivo, total RNA was extracted from spleens of DNA-vaccinated mice 2 weeks after the last immunization and analyzed by RT-PCR with SAG5D-specific primers. RT-PCR products were then analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

DNA immunization and experimental design

Five groups (16 mice per group) mice were vaccinated twice at 2-week intervals with PBS (100 μl/each), empty vector (100 μg/each), α-GalCer (2 μg/mouse) [24], pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (100 μg/each), or pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (100 μg/each) with α-GalCer (2 μg/mouse). Moreover, α-GalCer was only injected at the last time while others were injected intramuscularly three times. The immunization schedules of BALB/c mice were shown in Table 1. Blood was collected to assess serum IgG levels at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after immunization. Two weeks after the final immunization, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain to determine the survival time.

Table 1 The immunization process of BALB/c mice
Full size table

Assays of T. gondii-specific IgG and IgG subclass titers

T. gondii-specific serum antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to previously introduced. Briefly, the 96-well plates (Costar, USA) were coated with STAg (10 μg/well) and incubated at 4°C overnight. Plates were washed three times with special ELISA lotion and blocked with PBS containing 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) for 2 hr at room temperature. The plates were incubated with the mouse sera diluted by PBS for 1 hr at 37°C. After washing, plates were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (diluted 1:4,000 in PBS–1% BSA), IgG1 (1:2,000), and IgG2a (1:2,000) for 1 hr at 37°C. After washing with lotion, orthophenylene diamine (Sigma, USA) and 0.15% H2O2 were added. Plates then were incubated in the dark for 30 min at 37°C, and the reaction was stopped by adding 2 M H2SO4. The OD was measured at 490 nm using an ELISA reader (ELX800, USA). All samples were run for four times.

Cytokine quantification

Two weeks after the last immunization, four mice per group were euthanized, and their spleens were isolated in a sterile condition. The spleen cells were cultured in 96-well plates at 37°C in 5% CO2. Cell-free supernatants were harvested and assayed for IL-4 activity at 24 hr, for interleukin-10 (IL-10) activity at 72 hr, for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) activity at 96 hr. The IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ concentrations were evaluated with a commercial ELISA kit on the basis of the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, USA).

Statistical analysis

The software used was SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Antibody production and cytokine levels among the diverse groups were determined using a one-way analysis of variance. The statistical evaluation of the differences in survival rates was checked by Kaplan-Meier test. When a significant difference (P = 0.05) was observed among treatments, Tukey’s studentized range test was used for post-test comparisons. The difference was considered statistically significant if P < 0.05.

Results

Identification of the recombinant plasmid

SAG5D gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1 with suitable restriction enzymes to generate a new recombinant plasmid. In order to ensure the accurateness of plasmid, it was tested by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. The result of restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid was shown in Figure 1A.

Figure 1
figure 1

Identifications of SAG5D gene. (A) Constructed plasmid maps and identification of the recombinant plasmids with restriction enzyme digestion. DNA Mark (lane M), pEGFP-C1 digested with BamH I (lane 1), pEGFP-C1-SAG5D digested with BamH I (lane 2), pEGFP-C1-SAG5D digested with Kpn I and BamH I (lane 3). (B) In vivo expression analysis of the constructs in mice by RT-PCR. DNA Mark (lane M), PBS (lane 1), α-GalCer (lane 2), pEGFP-C1 (lane 3), pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (lane 4), pEGFP-C1-SAG5D/α-GalCer (lane 5).

Full size image

Gene expression in vitro and in vivo

HEK 293-T cells were successfully transfected with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D and pEGFP-C1 for 48 hr. In pEGFP-C1-SAG5D and pEGFP-C1 transfected cells, the proteins were excited green fluorescence under blue laser using fluorescence microscope (Figure 2A and B), whereas no fluorescence was observed in blank cells (Figure 2C).

Figure 2
figure 2

Direct immunofluorescence detection of the fusion protein in transfected HEK 293-T cells. (A1) Cells transfected with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D detected under white light; (A2) Cells transfected with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D detected under blue light; (B1) Cells transfected with pEGFP-C1 detected under white light; (B2) Cells transfected with pEGFP-C1 detected under blue light; (C1) Untransfected cells under white light; (C2) Untransfected cells under blue light.

Full size image

The inserted gene expression was detected by Western blotting. As shown in Figure 3, the expression of SAG5D gene (about 60 kDa, compound protein) was detected in pEGFP-C1-SAG5D transfected cells, while no band was found in empty vector transfected and blank cells.

Figure 3
figure 3

In vitro expression analysis of the constructs in HEK 293-T cells by Western blotting. Protein marker (lane M), untransfected cells (lane 1), cells transfected with pEGFP-C1 (lane 2), cells transfected with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (lane 3).

Full size image

Furthermore, the expression of gene SAG5D in mice was detected with RT-PCR. Electrophoresis of RT-PCR products from two groups (pEGFP-C1-SAG5D and α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D) showed the expected fragment of the SAG5D gene (1089 bp) (Figure 1B). Whereas there was no band in the other three groups (PBS, α-GalCer and pEGFP-C1).

Antibody responses in immunized BALB/c mice

The levels of IgG antibodies induced by α-GalCer and plasmids in mice were detected by ELISA at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. As shown in Figure 4, significantly high levels of IgG antibodies were detected in the sera of mice vaccinated with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, especially after the third immunization. Furthermore, mice injected with PBS, α-GalCer or pEGFP-C1 alone also generated IgG antibodies. But the levels of IgG antibodies were significantly lower than those of mice immunized with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between PBS and α-GalCer, PBS and pEGFP-C1 or α-GalCer and pEGFP-C1 (P > 0.05). The level of IgG antibodies from mice injected with α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D was higher than those of pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, but there was no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05). All the results strongly illustrated that a new plasmid encoding T. gondii SAG5D protein induced a strong IgG antibody response in mice.

Figure 4
figure 4

Measurement of specific IgG antibodies in sera of immunized mice. Sera were collected two days prior to each immunization and determined by ELISA. Results are shown as means of OD 490 ± SD and statistical differences (P < 0.05) are indicated by * compared with PBS, α-GalCer or pEGFP-C1.

Full size image

The levels of IgG subclass (IgG1 and IgG2a) in all groups at the second week after the final injection were analyzed to determine whether a Th1 or Th2 response was stimulated and the outcomes were shown in Figure 5. An apparent predominance of IgG2a over IgG1 was observed in pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D vaccine immunized mice, which indicated a shift toward the Th1 type response. In addition, higher level of IgG2a in mice vaccinated with α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D was detected than that injected by PBS, α-GalCer or pEGFP-C1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was no statistical difference in IgG2a levels between the groups immunized with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D and α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (P > 0.05). The result showed that pEGFP-C1-SAG5D immunized mice produced specific antibodies against T. gondii SAG5D and mainly generated a Th1 immune response.

Figure 5
figure 5

Detection of IgGl and IgG2a levels in the vaccinated mouse sera by ELISA. Immune sera were collected at 2 weeks after the last immunization and determined by ELISA. Results are shown as means of OD 490 ± SD and statistical differences (P < 0.05) are indicated by * as compared to control groups.

Full size image

Cytokine production

To determine whether pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D immunization augmented the Th1 or Th2 cytokine response, purified pEGFP-C1-SAG5D- and α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D-treated culture supernatants of splenocytes were obtained from immunized mice 2 weeks after the last immunization. As shown in Table 2, the levels of IFN-γ in mice immunized with α-GalCer, pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D vaccines were significantly higher than those of mice immunized with PBS or empty vector (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IFN-γ in mice injected by α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D was significantly higher than that of mice injected by α-GalCer or pEGFP-C1-SAG5D (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in IFN-γ levels between the groups immunized by PBS and empty vector. The levels of IL-4 in mice immunized with α-GalCer or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D were two times as high as those of mice immunized with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, PBS, or empty vector (P < 0.05). In addition, the low levels of IL-10 shown in the experimental and control groups suggested there was no statistically significant differences among the groups (P > 0.05).

Table 2 Cytokine production by splenocyte a cultures from immunized BALB/c mice
Full size table

Protection of recombinant plasmid vaccine against T. gondiiin mice

To evaluate the level of immunoprotection induced by the DNA vaccine, all of the mice were challenged intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of T. gondii RH strain (1 × 104 tachyzoites). The number of days of survival was noted daily until all of the mice showed signs of illness and were killed (Figure 6). Mice immunized with α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or pEGFP-C1-SAG5D had dramatically higher survival times than the control mice vaccinated with PBS or empty vector (P < 0.05). Although mice vaccinated with α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D showed a longer survival time than those vaccinated with pEGFP-C1-SAG5D, no statistical difference was observed between them (P > 0.05). Besides, the survival time of mice immunized with α-GalCer was longer than those immunized by PBS or empty vector. But difference between the two groups was not statistically significant for any of them (P > 0.05).

Figure 6
figure 6

Survival time. Survival curves of mice immunized with PBS, pEGFP-C1, α-GalCer, pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or pEGFP-C1-SAG5D/α-GalCer after challenge with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of RH strain 2 weeks after the final immunization (12 mice per group). Survival was monitored daily for 18 days after challenge.

Full size image

Discussion

In our previous study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify antigenic epitopes on SAG5D protease. There was better B-cell epitope index in SAG5D protein than that in SAG1 protein (data not shown). It was theoretically proved that SAG5D protein was a positive antigen like SAG1 protein.

The present study shows that the recombinant plasmid elicited a strong humoral and cellular immune response against T. gondii in mice. Levels of specific IgG antibodies, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 were detected in experimental groups and control groups. Significantly higher levels of IgG2a and IFN-γ were observed in mice injected by pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D compared with control groups. Furthermore, immunization with the gene plasmid pEGFP-C1-SAG5D or α-GalCer/pEGFP-C1-SAG5D induced a great tendency toward Th1-type immune responses. Th1 cytokines can kill intracellular parasites while Th2 cytokines play an important role in worsening infection [26]. In previous studies, IFN-γ promotes Thl cells maturation, while IL-4 promotes Th2 cell maturation [27]. IFN-γ is the key mediator of resistance to T. gondii and elicites multiple complicated intracellular mechanisms to kill the parasite and inhibit its replication [28],[29]. Furthermore, IFN-γ plays a key role in protecting hosts from parasites during all phases of toxoplasmosis [30],[31].

NKT cell activation has emerged as a promising strategy for the immunotherapy of cancer, and great effort is committed to developing NKT cell agonists into safe and powerful vaccine adjuvants [32]. The efficacy of lipid antigens, such as the prototypic NKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) [33], is currently being evaluated clinical trials. Furthermore, α-GalCer playing a role of adjuvant in malaria vaccine was studied and achieved some positive results [24].

Here we tested the potential of a-GalCer as an adjuvant during T. gondii infection. NKT cells can respond within minutes to specific glycolipids such as α-GalCer [32],[34],[35] and have the capacity to produce high quantities of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The main immune components affected by α-GalCer administration are specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that secrete IFN-γ [24]. IFN-γ is important in mediating the adjuvant effect of α-GalCer. Studies by a number of different investigators clearly showed that IFN-γ is secreted by both NKT and NK cells after α-GalCer treatment [36]-[38]. It is possible that IFN-γ secreted by NKT and/or NK cells acts on antigen-presenting cells, by up-regulating the major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-1) processing machinery. Successful DNA vaccination is in theory well suited to stimulate effector mechanisms depending on antigen presentation along with MHC-1, which stimulate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells [39],[40].

The levels of the humoral response and the Th2 response are nearly unaltered by this treatment. Furthermore, IFN-γ may enhance the acquired cell-mediated immune response by directly acting on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells [24],[41],[42]. Nevertheless, the exact role of IFN-γ and other critical molecules requires further investigation. In addition, some study results have indicated that α-GalCer treatment enhances the immune response to viral infection, promoting long-term immunity without disrupting the original immune response. Moreover, α-GalCer or an α-GalCer analog could also be used therapeutically to control latent infection when the immune system is impaired [24],[43]. All testify that α-GalCer is a perfect activator of the immune response in vivo. Recent studies have evaluated a-GalCer as a potential adjuvant due to its ability to induce the activation of immune cells. In contrast to currently used vaccine adjuvants, a-GalCer may be a viable adjuvant to boost cellular responses as it has been shown to enhance cellular immune responses to toxoplasma antigens when used as adjuvant of SAG5D DNA vaccine.

The survival times of all of the mice in the five groups after intraperitoneal challenge with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of the RH strain were recorded. Mice immunized with α-GalCer had more IFN-γ and longer survival times than mice in PBS and pEGFP-C1 groups. The results described above indicated that α-GalCer did play a positive role in preventing mice from being infected with tachyzoite. The survival times of mice injected by pEGFP-C1-SAG5D were similar to that of mice immunized with pSAG1 [13]. All of the mice showed signs of illness and were killed on the 17th after challenge.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that T. gondii SAG5D was a novel and positive DNA vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma SAG5D nucleic acid vaccine (pEGFP-C1-SAG5D) is simply prepared and easy to be produced. Furthermore, it has a strong immunogenicity in mice after injection. It can induce the body to properly produce strong cellular and humoral immune response, which play an important role in immune protection. In order to improve DNA vaccine protection, a kind of suitable adjuvant (a-GalCer) was added. It enhanced the body’s cellular immune response and prolonged the survival time of mice after challenge.

References

  1. Quan JH, Chu JQ, Ismail HA, Zhou W, Jo EK, Cha GH, Lee YH: Induction of protective immune responses by a multiantigenic DNA vaccine encoding GRA7 and ROP1 of Toxoplasma gondii . Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012, 19 (5): 666-674. 10.1128/CVI.05385-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Yuan ZG, Zhang XX, Lin RQ, Petersen E, He S, Yu M, He XH, Zhou DH, He Y, Li HX, Liao M, Zhu XQ: Protective effect against toxoplasmosis in mice induced by DNA immunization with gene encoding Toxoplasma gondii ROP18. Vaccine. 2011, 29 (38): 6614-6619. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Min J, Qu D, Li C, Song X, Zhao Q, Li XA, Yang Y, Liu Q, He S, Zhou H: Enhancement of protective immune responses induced by Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen 7 (GRA7) against toxoplasmosis in mice using a prime-boost vaccination strategy. Vaccine. 2012, 30 (38): 5631-5636. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.081.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vercammen M, Scorza T, Huygen K, De Braekeleer J, Diet R, Jacobs D: DNA vaccination with genes encoding Toxoplasma gondii antigens GRA1, GRA7, and ROP2 induces partially protective immunity againstblethal challenge in mice. Infect Immun. 2000, 68 (1): 38-45. 10.1128/IAI.68.1.38-45.2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Cui X, Lei T, Yang D, Hao P, Li B, Liu Q: Toxoplasma gondii immune mapped protein-1 (TgIMP1) is a novel vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis. Vaccine. 2012, 30 (13): 2282-2287. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hiszczyn’ska-Sawicka E, Ole˛dzka G, Holec-Ga˛sior L, Li H, Xu JB, Sedcole R, Kur J, Bickerstaffe R, Stankiewicz M: Evaluation of immune responses in sheep induced by DNA immunization with genes encoding GRA1, GRA4, GRA6 and GRA7 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasit. 2011, 177: 281-289. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun XM, Zou J, A A ES, Yan WC, Liu XY, Suo X, Wang H, Chen QJ: DNA vaccination with a gene encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA6 induces partial protection against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Parasit Vectors 2011, 4:213.,

  8. Angus CW, Klivington-Evans D, Dubey JP, Kovacs JA: Immunization with a DNA plasmid encoding the SAG1 (P30) protein of Toxoplasma gondii is immunogenic and protective in rodents. J Infect Dis. 2000, 181 (1): 317-324. 10.1086/315186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Laguía-Becher M, Martín V, Kraemer M, Corigliano M, Yacono ML, Goldman A, Clemente M: Effect of codon optimization and subcellular targeting on Toxoplasma gondii antigen SAG1 expression in tobaccoleaves to use in subcutaneous and oral immunization in mice. BMC Biotechnol 2010, 10:52.,

  10. Liu Q, Shang L, Jin H, Wei F, Zhu XQ, Gao H: The protective effect of a Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 plasmid DNA vaccine in mice is enhanced with IL-18. Res Vet Sci. 2010, 89 (1): 93-97. 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.01.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang D, Yin H, Wang M: Screening and identification of novel B cell epitopes of Toxoplasma gondii SAG1. Parasit Vectors 2013, 6:125.,

  12. Dautu G, Munyaka B, Carmen G, Zhang G, Omata Y, Xuenan X, Igarashi M: Toxoplasma gondii: DNA vaccination with genes encoding antigens MIC2, M2AP, AMA1 and BAG1 and evaluation of their immunogenic potential. Exp Parasitol. 2007, 116 (3): 273-282. 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.01.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Meng M, He S, Zhao G, Bai Y, Zhou H, Cong H, Lu G, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ: Evaluation of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccines encoding Toxoplasma gondii surfaceantigen 1 (SAG1) and 14-3-3 protein in BALB/c mice. Parasit Vectors 2012, 5:273.,

  14. Machado AV, Caetano BC, Barbosa RP, Salgado AP, Rabelo RH, Garcia CC, Bruna-Romero O, Escriou N, Gazzinelli RT: Prime and boost immunization with influenza and adenovirus encoding the Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 2 (SAG2) induces strong protective immunity. Vaccine. 2010, 28 (18): 3247-3256. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cong H, Zhang M, Xin Q, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao Q, Zhou H, He S: Compound DNA vaccine encoding SAG1/ SAG3 with A2/B subunit of cholera toxin as a genetic adjuvant protects BALB/c mice against Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2013, 6:63.,

  16. Elsheikha HM, Zhao X: Patterns and role of diversifying selection in the evolution of Toxoplasma gondii SAG5 locus. Parasitol Res. 2008, 103 (1): 201-207. 10.1007/s00436-008-0958-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Elsheikha H, Hafez AO, Zaalouk TK, El Shazly AM, Khalil HH, Morsy TA: Phylogenetic evidence for recombination in SAG5 locus in Toxoplasma gondii. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2008, 38 (2): 371-384.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tinti M, Possenti A, Cherchi S, Barca S, Spano F: Analysis of the SAG5 locus reveals a distinct genomic organisation in virulent and avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol. 2003, 33 (14): 1605-1616. 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00265-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Spano F, Ricci I, Di Cristina M, Possenti A, Tinti M, Dendouga N, Tomavo S, Crisanti A: The SAG5 locus of Toxoplasma gondii encodes three novel proteins belonging to the SAG1 family of surface antigens. Int J Parasitol. 2002, 32 (2): 121-131. 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00349-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Xu X, Zhao M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Zhai X, Zhang L, Hu X: Toxoplasma gondii infection regulates the balance of activating and inhibitory receptors on decidual natural killercells. PLoS One 2013, 8(2):e55432.,

  21. Ho LP, Denney L, Luhn K, Teoh D, Clelland C, McMichael AJ: Activation of invariant NKT cells enhances the innate immune response and improves the disease course in influenza A virus infection. Eur J Immunol. 2008, 38 (7): 1913-1922. 10.1002/eji.200738017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dhodapkar MV, Richter J: Harnessing natural killer T (NKT) cells in human myeloma: progress and challenges. Clin Immunol. 2011, 140 (2): 160-166. 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kamijuku H, Nagata Y, Jiang X, Ichinohe T, Tashiro T, Mori K, Taniguchi M, Hase K, Ohno H, Shimaoka T, Yonehara S, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Sata T, Hasegawa H, Seino KI: Mechanism of NKT cell activation by intranasal coadministration of alpha-galactosylceramide, which can induce cross-protection against influenza viruses. Mucosal Immunol. 2008, 1 (3): 208-218. 10.1038/mi.2008.2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Van Kaer L, Bergmann CC, Wilson JM, Schmieg J, Kronenberg M, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Koezuka Y, Tsuji M: Natural killer T cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide enhances protective immunity induced by malaria vaccines. J Exp Med. 2002, 195 (5): 617-624. 10.1084/jem.20011889.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kakimi K, Guidotti LG, Koezuka Y, Chisari FV: Natural killer T cell activation inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Exp Med. 2000, 192 (7): 921-930. 10.1084/jem.192.7.921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Auderset F, Schuster S, Coutaz M, Koch U, Desgranges F, Merck E, MacDonald HR, Radtke F, Tacchini-Cottier F: Redundant Notch1 and Notch2 signaling is necessary for IFNγ secretion by T helper 1 cells during infection with Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2012, 8(3):e1002560.,

  27. Wang PY, Yuan ZG, Petersen E, Li J, Zhang XX, Li XZ, Li HX, Lv ZC, Cheng T, Ren D, Yang GL, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ: Protective efficacy of a Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 13 plasmid DNA vaccine in mice. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012, 19 (12): 1916-1920. 10.1128/CVI.00397-12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Dupont CD, Christian DA, Hunter CA: Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis. Semin Immunopathol. 2012, 34 (6): 793-813. 10.1007/s00281-012-0339-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhao G, Zhou A, Lv G, Meng M, Sun M, Bai Y, Han Y, Wang L, Zhou H, Cong H, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ, He S: Toxoplasma gondii cathepsin proteases are undeveloped prominent vaccine antigens against toxoplasmosis. BMC Infect Dis 2013, 13:207.,

  30. Suzuki Y, Orellana MA, Schreiber RD, Remington JS: Interferon-gamma: the major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. Science. 1988, 240 (4851): 516-518. 10.1126/science.3128869.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sher A, Collazzo C, Scanga C, Jankovic D, Yap G, Aliberti J: Induction and regulation of IL-12-dependent host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Immunol Res. 2003, 27 (2–3): 521-528. 10.1385/IR:27:2-3:521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kronenberg M: Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology: progress and paradoxes. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005, 23: 877-900. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115742.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Parekh VV, Wilson MT, Olivares-Villagómez D, Singh AK, Wu L, Wang CR, Joyce S, Van Kaer L: Glycolipid antigen induces long-term natural killer T cell anergy in mice. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115 (9): 2572-2583. 10.1172/JCI24762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Freigang S, Landais E, Zadorozhny V, Kain L, Yoshida K, Liu Y, Deng S, Palinski W, Savage PB, Bendelac A, Teyton L: Scavenger receptors target glycolipids for natural killer T cell activation. J Clin Invest. 2012, 122 (11): 3943-3954. 10.1172/JCI62267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Reilly EC, Thompson EA, Aspeslagh S, Wands JR, Elewaut D, Brossay L: Activated iNKT cells promote memory CD8+ T cell differentiation during viral infection. PLoS One 2012, 7(5):e37991.,

  36. Nishimura T, Kitamura H, Iwakabe K, Yahata T, Ohta A, Sato M, Takeda K, Okumura K, Van Kaer L, Kawano T, Taniguchi M, Nakui M, Sekimoto M, Koda T: The interface between innate and acquired immunity: glycolipid antigen presentation by CD1d-expressingdendritic cells to NKT cells induces the differentiation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Int Immunol. 2000, 12 (7): 987-994. 10.1093/intimm/12.7.987.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Carnaud C, Lee D, Donnars O, Park SH, Beavis A, Koezuka Y, Bendelac A: Cutting edge: Cross-talk between cells of the innate immune system: NKT cells rapidly activate NK cells. J Immunol. 1999, 163 (9): 4647-4650.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Eberl G, MacDonald HR: Selective induction of NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by activated NKT cells. Eur J Immunol. 2000, 30 (4): 985-992. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200004)30:4<985::AID-IMMU985>3.0.CO;2-E.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nielsen HV, Lauemoller SL, Christiansen L, Buus S, Fomsgaard A, Petersen E: Complete protection against lethal Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice immunized with a plasmid encoding the SAG1 gene. Infect Immun. 1999, 67 (12): 6358-6363.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Schneider J, Gilbert SC, Blanchard TJ, Hanke T, Robson KJ, Hannan CM, Becker M, Sinden R, Smith GL, Hill AV: Enhanced immunogenicity for CD8+ T cell induction and complete protective efficacy of malaria DNA vaccination by boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Nat Med. 1998, 4 (4): 397-402. 10.1038/nm0498-397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Haring JS, Badovinac VP, Harty JT: Inflaming the CD8+ T cell response. Immunity. 2006, 25 (1): 19-29. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Grover HS, Blanchard N, Gonzalez F, Chan S, Robey EA, Shastri N: The Toxoplasma gondii peptide AS15 elicits CD4 T cells that can control parasite burden. Infect Immun. 2012, 80 (9): 3279-3288. 10.1128/IAI.00425-12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Dhodapkar MV, Richter J: Harnessing natural killer T (NKT) cells in human myeloma: progress and challenges. Clin Immunol. 2011, 140 (2): 160-166. 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81071373 and 81271857), the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology (Grant No. SKLVEB2011KFKT005) and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. ZR2009CM079).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China

    Gang Lu, Min Meng, Lin Wang, Yali Han, Jingjing Guo, Huaiyu Zhou, Hua Cong, Qunli Zhao & Shenyi He

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China

    Aihua Zhou

  3. State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, China

    Xing-Quan Zhu

Authors
  1. Gang Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aihua Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Min Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yali Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jingjing Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Huaiyu Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Hua Cong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Qunli Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xing-Quan Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Shenyi He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aihua Zhou or Shenyi He.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

SH and AZ conceived and designed the study, and critically revised the manuscript. GL carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. MM and LW contributed to the revision of the manuscript. YH, JG, HZ, HC and QZ helped carry out various aspects of the experiments and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lu, G., Zhou, A., Meng, M. et al. Alpha-galactosylceramide enhances protective immunity induced by DNA vaccine of the SAG5D gene of Toxoplasma gondii . BMC Infect Dis 14, 3862 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-014-0706-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-014-0706-x

Keywords

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us