Research article

Maternal microchimerism in the livers of patients with Biliary atresia

David L Suskind⁴ , Philip Rosenthal¹ , Melvin B Heyman² , Denice Kong³ , Greg Magrane¹ , Lee-Ann Baxter-Lowe² and Marcus O Muench³

¹  Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA

²  Immunogenetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA

³  Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA

⁴  Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, USA

author email corresponding author email

BMC Gastroenterology 2004, 4:14doi:10.1186/1471-230X-4-14

Published:	31 July 2004

Abstract

Background

Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal cholestatic disease of unknown etiology. It is the leading cause of liver transplantation in children. Many similarities exist between BA and graft versus host disease suggesting engraftment of maternal cells during gestation could result in immune responses that lead to BA. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and extent of maternal microchimerism (MM) in the livers of infants with BA.

Methods

Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 11 male BA & 4 male neonatal hepatitis (NH) livers, which served as controls, were analyzed for X and Y-chromosomes. To further investigate MM in BA, 3 patients with BA, and their mothers, were HLA typed. Using immunohistochemical stains, the BA livers were examined for MM. Four additional BA livers underwent analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for evidence of MM.

Results

By FISH, 8 BA and 2 NH livers were interpretable. Seven of eight BA specimens showed evidence of MM. The number of maternal cells ranged from 2–4 maternal cells per biopsy slide. Neither NH specimen showed evidence of MM. In addition, immunohistochemical stains confirmed evidence of MM. Using PCR, a range of 1–142 copies of maternal DNA per 25,000 copies of patients DNA was found.

Conclusions

Maternal microchimerism is present in the livers of patients with BA and may contribute to the pathogenesis of BA.